Table 2.
Adjusted odds ratio for the association between SES and other covariates with the prevalence of hypertension, undiagnosed hypertension, and untreated hypertension among individuals aged 18 years or older: 2017–2018, Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey.
|
| |||
|---|---|---|---|
| MEASURES | aOR (95% CI) | ||
|
| |||
| HYPERTENSION (n = 11,776) | UNDIAGNOSED HYPERTENSION (n = 3,383) | UNTREATED HYPERTENSION (n = 1,479) | |
|
| |||
| Age, yrs | |||
|
| |||
| 18–34 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
|
| |||
| 35–39 | 2.54 (2.13–3.02)a | 0.90 (0.64–1.26) | 0.44 (0.23–0.88)c |
|
| |||
| 40–44 | 3.11 (2.59–3.74)a | 0.51 (0.37–0.70)a | 0.60 (0.32–1.12) |
|
| |||
| 45–49 | 4.26 (3.50–5.19)a | 0.48 (0.35–0.66)a | 0.25 (0.13–0.50)a |
|
| |||
| 50–54 | 5.89 (4.75–7.29)a | 0.37 (0.27–0.51)a | 0.44 (0.23–0.85)c |
|
| |||
| 55–59 | 6.99 (5.73–8.53)a | 0.27 (0.20–0.39)a | 0.25 (0.12–0.52)a |
|
| |||
| 60–64 | 9.03 (7.31–11.17)a | 0.23 (0.17–0.32)a | 0.25 (0.12–0.49)a |
|
| |||
| 65+ | 12.03 (9.94–14.56)a | 0.26 (0.19–0.35)a | 0.36 (0.20–0.64)b |
|
| |||
| Currently married | |||
|
| |||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
|
| |||
| Yes | 0.78 (0.67–0.91)c | 0.74 (0.59–0.92)b | 0.71 (0.43–1.18) |
|
| |||
| Currently working | |||
|
| |||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
|
| |||
| Yes | 0.92 (0.81–1.05) | 1.05 (0.87–1.28) | 1.21 (0.79–1.85) |
|
| |||
| BMI | |||
|
| |||
| Underweight | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
|
| |||
| Normal | 1.93 (1.69–2.21)a | 0.63 (0.49–0.83)b | 0.85 (0.43–1.69) |
|
| |||
| Overweight/obese | 5.04 (4.27–5.95)a | 0.44 (0.33–0.59)a | 0.89 (0.43–1.82) |
|
| |||
| Education | |||
|
| |||
| No education | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
|
| |||
| Primary | 1.06 (0.93–1.21) | 0.79 (0.64–0.98)c | 1.57 (0.99–2.48) |
|
| |||
| Secondary | 1.12 (0.96–1.31) | 0.81 (0.63–1.05) | 1.10 (0.63–1.91) |
|
| |||
| Higher | 1.13 (0.94–1.36) | 0.82 (0.60–1.29) | 1.82 (0.94–3.52) |
|
| |||
| Gender | |||
|
| |||
| Female | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
|
| |||
| Male | 0.80 (0.71–0.91)a | 2.36 (1.92–2.90)a | 1.19 (0.77–1.86) |
|
| |||
| Living in a patriarchal family | |||
|
| |||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
|
| |||
| Yes | 1.05 (0.89–1.24) | 0.98 (0.73–1.30) | 1.35 (0.74–2.49) |
|
| |||
| No. of adult member | |||
|
| |||
| 1–2 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
|
| |||
| 3 | 0.95 (0.82–1.11) | 1.03 (0.81–1.31) | 0.89 (0.53–1.48) |
|
| |||
| 4+ | 0.89 (0.75–1.06) | 0.98 (0.76–1.27) | 1.44 (0.82–2.53) |
|
| |||
| No. of household member | |||
|
| |||
| 1–4 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
|
| |||
| 5 | 0.99 (0.86–1.16) | 0.88 (0.69–1.13) | 0.57 (0.32–1.00) |
|
| |||
| 6+ | 0.94 (0.80–1.10) | 0.94 (0.74–1.21) | 0.72 (0.43–1.22) |
|
| |||
| Place of residence | |||
|
| |||
| Rural | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
|
| |||
| Urban | 1.09 (0.96–1.23) | 0.89 (0.73–1.09) | 0.79 (0.50–1.23) |
|
| |||
| Division | |||
|
| |||
| Barisal | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
|
| |||
| Chittagong | 0.88 (0.70–1.11) | 1.01 (0.72–1.43) | 0.55 (0.25–1.20) |
|
| |||
| Dhaka | 0.64 (0.51–0.81)a | 1.02 (0.73–1.44) | 0.61 (0.27–1.29) |
|
| |||
| Khulna | 0.81 (0.65–1.02) | 1.09 (0.77–1.53) | 1.40 (0.65–3.01) |
|
| |||
| Mymensingh | 0.67 (0.54–0.85)b | 1.04 (0.72–1.50) | 0.59 (0.26–1.38) |
|
| |||
| Rajshahi | 0.87 (0.68–1.10) | 1.10 (0.79–1.54) | 1.84 (0.86–3.92) |
|
| |||
| Rangpur | 1.05 (0.85–1.31) | 1.40 (1.00–1.96)c | 2.02 (1.03–3.97)c |
|
| |||
| Sylhet | 0.86 (0.68–1.09) | 0.71 (0.49–1.04) | 0.37 (0.15–0.91)c |
|
| |||
| SES | |||
|
| |||
| Nonpoor | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
|
| |||
| Poor | 0.88 (0.77–0.99)c | 1.53 (1.24–1.89)b | 1.68 (1.02–2.76)c |
|
| |||
Note: CI = Confidence interval; aOR = Adjusted odds ratio. Here a, b, and c indicate p < 0.001, p < 0.01, and p < 0.05.