Figure 1. Tibial surgery leads to cognitive decline.

(A) Experiment paradigm, cartoon depicting the paradigm of contextual and cued fear conditioning behaviors. (B and C) Percent of time spent in freezing behavior (n = 11 mice/group). (D) Experimental paradigm, cartoon depicting the open field test. The open field is divided into 5 × 5 square bins, with 16 outer bins defined as the outer zone and the remaining area as the inner zone. (E) Representative tracings of the open field activity in control and surgery mice. (F) Total distance traveled in the open field and (G) Time spent in the center of the open field during test (n = 10 mice/group). Data are represented as mean ± SEM, ****P < 0.0001; **P < 0.01; ns, not significant.