Table 2. Direct responses of marine animals to decreased [H+], or increased pH.
Shown are the results from the literature review, summarized by taxon and physiological function. The direction of the responses to increasing pH is indicated by the symbols: = means no effect, ↑ represents a significant increase, and ↓ implies a significant decrease. The last three rows, in bold, report the total count of responses evaluated.
| Taxon | Response | ∆[H+]F mol kg−1 | ∆pH | Direction | Study |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Copepod | Development | −5.53 × 10−9 | 0.19 | = | (80) |
| Growth | = | ||||
| Respiration | = | ||||
| C:N | =; ↓ | ||||
| Decapod | Homeostasis | −2.87 to −8.1 × 10−9 | 0.22–0.72 | ↑; =; ↓ | (50, 51) |
| Fish | Survival | −5.1 × 10−9 to −1.61 × 10−8 | 0.55–1.42 | ↓ | (42, 43) |
| Feeding | −1.22 to −1.51 × 10−8 | 0.57–1 | ↓ | (43) | |
| Appendicularia | Survival | −6.38 to −6.35 × 10−9 | 0.4 | = | (22) |
| Growth | =; ↓ | ||||
| Reproduction | ↓; = | ||||
| Foraminifera | Calcification | −3.02 to −9.75 × 10−9 | 0.21–0.69 | ↑; = | (81, 82) |
| Respiration | −3.02 × 10−9 | 0.21 | = | (82) | |
| Photosynthesis | = | ||||
| Pteropoda | Gene Expression | −2.16 × 10−9 | 0.12 | ↑ | (52) |
| Calcification | −1.66 to −3.05 × 10−9 | 0.11–0.22 | ↑; = | (52–54) | |
| Shell Degradation | = | (53) | |||
| Survival | ↑; = | ||||
| Feeding | −2.55 × 10−9 | 0.16 | = | (54) | |
| Respiration | = | ||||
| Benthic Mollusk | Growth | −2.63 × 10−9 to −1.83 × 10−8 | 0.12–1.25 | =; ↑; ↓ | (83–85) |
| Survival | = | (84, 85) | |||
| Respiration | −8.56 × 10−9 to −1.19 × 10−8 | 0.5–1.3 | = | (85) | |
| Development | −6.5 × 10−9 | 1.05 | ↑; = | (55) | |
| Coral | Respiration | −1.27 × 10−9; −2.52 × 10−9 | 0.11; 0.41 | = | (56) |
| Calcification | ↑ | ||||
| Photosynthesis | = | ||||
| Total # no effects | 55 | ||||
| Total # increases | 28 | ||||
| Total # decreases | 25 | ||||