Table 1.
Median and interquartile range of TRAP concentrations near participants’ homes in the Chicago Health and Aging Project (1999–2012), averaged over the 3 y prior to analytic baseline, by category of demographic and clinical characteristics.
| (%) | exposure (ppb) median (IQR) | exposure (ppb) median (IQR) | exposure () median (IQR) | exposure () median (IQR) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall sample | 6,061 (100.0) | 40.8 (36.7–45.3) | 18.5 (16.9–20.1) | 7.9 (6.7–9.6) | 22.6 (21.0–24.3) |
| Baseline age (quartile) | |||||
| 61–68 y old | 1,644 (27.1) | 42.0 (37.4–45.7) | 18.9 (17.1–20.3) | 8.1 (7.2–9.6) | 22.4 (21.0–24.1) |
| 68–74 y of age | 1,479 (24.4) | 41.0 (36.2–45.2) | 18.6 (17.0–20.2) | 8.0 (7.0–9.8) | 22.5 (20.8–24.0) |
| 74–80 y of age | 1,562 (25.8) | 41.0 (37.1–45.5) | 18.6 (17.0–20.2) | 7.9 (6.7–9.7) | 22.7 (21.0–24.2) |
| 80–104 y of age | 1,376 (22.7) | 38.9 (36.3–44.1) | 17.8 (16.7–19.6) | 7.3 (6.2–9.0) | 22.9 (21.2–25.2) |
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 2,223 (36.7) | 40.8 (36.8–45.2) | 18.4 (16.9–20.1) | 7.9 (6.8–9.6) | 22.5 (20.9–24.2) |
| Female | 3,838 (63.3) | 40.8 (36.7–45.3) | 18.6 (17.0–20.1) | 7.9 (6.8–9.6) | 22.7 (21.0–24.4) |
| Race | |||||
| Black | 3,906 (64.4) | 43.9 (40.5–46.8) | 19.5 (18.3–20.8) | 8.9 (7.8–10.2) | 22.5 (20.7–23.9) |
| White | 2,155 (35.6) | 37.0 (34.6–38.6) | 16.9 (15.7–17.6) | 6.4 (5.4–7.1) | 22.9 (21.2–25.9) |
| Years of formal education | |||||
| 0–8 | 584 (9.6) | 44.1 (40.9–47.1) | 19.5 (18.4–21.0) | 8.8 (7.6–10.2) | 22.7 (20.6–24.1) |
| 9–12 | 2,771 (45.7) | 41.7 (37.3–45.5) | 18.9 (17.2–20.3) | 8.0 (6.8–9.6) | 22.6 (20.7–24.3) |
| 13–16 | 2,087 (34.4) | 39.4 (36.3–44.5) | 18.0 (16.7–19.8) | 7.7 (6.6–9.4) | 22.6 (21.1–24.4) |
| 17 or more | 619 (10.2) | 37.2 (33.9–40.6) | 17.0 (15.6–18.6) | 7.2 (6.6–8.6) | 22.7 (21.2–24.4) |
| Community noise levels [tertile, dB(A)] | |||||
| 51.1–54.6 | 2,022 (33.4) | 41.7 (37.6–45.4) | 18.9 (17.3–20.3) | 7.8 (6.8–9.2) | 22.5 (20.8–24.2) |
| 54.6–56.2 | 2,020 (33.3) | 39.0 (36.0–43.9) | 17.8 (16.5–19.3) | 7.6 (6.6–9.1) | 22.3 (21.0–24.1) |
| 56.2–70.0 | 2,019 (33.3) | 41.3 (37.1–46.7) | 19.0 (17.0–20.7) | 8.4 (6.9–10.3) | 23.0 (21.1–24.6) |
| Neighborhood socioeconomic status z-score (tertile) | |||||
| to | 2,034 (33.6) | 44.5 (41.4–47.2) | 19.7 (18.7–20.8) | 9.0 (7.8–10.3) | 22.6 (21.1–23.6) |
| to 1.1 | 2,007 (33.1) | 42.2 (37.8–46.0) | 19.0 (17.4–20.4) | 8.4 (6.5–9.9) | 22.3 (20.2–24.4) |
| 1.1–10.7 | 2,020 (33.3) | 37.1 (34.4–39.1) | 16.9 (15.6–17.8) | 6.8 (6.2–7.6) | 23.0 (21.4–26.3) |
| Smoking history | |||||
| Current | 704 (11.6) | 41.9 (38.0–46.1) | 18.9 (17.2–20.4) | 8.1 (7.1–9.7) | 22.5 (20.8–24.0) |
| Former | 2,534 (41.8) | 40.6 (36.6–45.1) | 18.4 (16.8–20.1) | 7.8 (6.7–9.6) | 22.6 (21.0–24.3) |
| Never | 2,823 (46.6) | 40.5 (36.7–45.2) | 18.5 (16.9–20.1) | 7.8 (6.7–9.5) | 22.7 (21.0–24.4) |
| Alcohol consumption (drinks/day) | |||||
| 0 | 3,813 (62.9) | 41.9 (37.3–45.7) | 18.9 (17.3–20.3) | 8.2 (7.1–9.8) | 22.6 (20.9–24.3) |
| 0–1 | 1,917 (31.6) | 39.0 (36.2–44.2) | 17.7 (16.4–19.6) | 7.4 (6.4–9.0) | 22.7 (21.1–24.4) |
| 331 (5.5) | 38.4 (35.7–43.0) | 17.4 (16.2–19.1) | 7.3 (6.5–8.5) | 22.6 (21.2–24.4) | |
| Nagi physical disability scorea | |||||
| 0 to 17 | 2,682 (44.3) | 40.5 (36.7–44.9) | 18.4 (16.9–20.0) | 7.7 (6.6–9.4) | 22.7 (21.0–24.5) |
| 18 to 20 | 3,379 (55.7) | 41.1 (36.7–45.4) | 18.6 (17.0–20.2) | 8.0 (6.8–9.6) | 22.6 (21.0–24.2) |
| Self-rated health | |||||
| Excellent | 1,322 (21.8) | 38.8 (36.0–43.9) | 17.7 (16.4–19.6) | 7.4 (6.4–9.1) | 22.7 (21.2–24.5) |
| Good | 2,999 (49.5) | 40.8 (36.7–45.3) | 18.5 (17.0–20.1) | 7.8 (6.7–9.6) | 22.6 (21.0–24.3) |
| Fair | 1,451 (23.9) | 42.1 (37.6–45.8) | 19.0 (17.4–20.4) | 8.2 (7.2–9.7) | 22.6 (20.8–24.2) |
| Poor | 289 (4.8) | 42.3 (37.6–45.5) | 19.1 (17.4–20.3) | 8.2 (7.2–9.9) | 22.5 (20.6–24.0) |
| History of diabetes mellitus | |||||
| Yes | 1,406 (23.2) | 42.3 (37.6–45.8) | 19.0 (17.3–20.3) | 8.3 (7.2–9.8) | 22.6 (21.0–24.2) |
| No | 4,655 (76.8) | 40.2 (36.5–45.0) | 18.3 (16.8–20.0) | 7.8 (6.6–9.5) | 22.6 (21.0–24.4) |
| Global cognition z-score (tertile) | |||||
| to 0.18 | 2,021 (33.3) | 42.7 (38.0–46.0) | 19.2 (17.5–20.4) | 8.3 (7.3–9.9) | 22.7 (20.8–24.3) |
| 0.18–0.71 | 2,020 (33.3) | 41.4 (37.0–45.5) | 18.7 (17.1–20.2) | 7.9 (6.9–9.6) | 22.7 (21.0–24.3) |
| 0.71–1.76 | 2,021 (33.3) | 38.5 (35.7–43.5) | 17.7 (16.3–19.5) | 7.3 (6.4–9.0) | 22.5 (21.0–24.4) |
Note: IQR, interquartile range; TRAP, traffic-related air pollution.
a
Higher scores indicate less physical impairment and disability.