Figure 3.

Schematic revealing differences and similarities between cellular and EV surfaces. a) Gram-negative bacteria produce OMVs from the blebbing of their outer membrane, resulting in the presence of outer membrane components, including LPS, on the surface of the EVs; b) Gram-positive bacterial CMVs originate from the cytoplasmic membrane and must traverse the thick peptidoglycan cell wall. LTA, but not WTA, are known to be present in CMVs in addition to other cell membrane components; and c) Yeast EVs are produced both from the cell membrane fusion of intracellularly produced MVBs and from the outward blebbing of the cell membrane. Proteins and lipids present on the surface of yeast EVs would distinguish these biogenesis routes. Created with Biorender.com.