Figure 1. Alterations in mice fecal microbiome before and after immunization with either AuNP-proteins or AuNP-unconjugated.

(A) Alpha-diversity of bacterial transcripts at the family level -pre and after -post immunization with AuNP-proteins or AuNP + adjuvant only with Chao1 and Shannon indices. (B) Beta-diversity of bacterial transcripts using the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity index and PERMANOVA statistical method. Each graph is a comparison of the -pre and -post diversity at the family level within each treatment group. From left to right: EscC, Eae, EscC+Eae, and adjuvant-only. (C) Relative abundances at the family level from -pre and -post treatment groups. -pre, baseline samples before immunization; -post, post-immunization sample.