TABLE 1.
Demographics and clinical characteristics of the patients.
| Total patients (n = 33) | Descriptives |
|---|---|
| Age at baseline in years (median, (IQR)) | 32 (27–41) |
| Sex (female/male) | 19/14 |
| Psychiatric comorbidity | |
| Yes (n, %) | 9 (27.3) |
| Present/past | 5/4 |
| No (n, %) | 24 (72.7) |
| Age at epilepsy onset in years (median, (IQR)) | 15 (9.5–20) |
| Epilepsy duration in years (median, (IQR)) | 17 (10–24.5) |
| Baseline AEF performance | |
| Normal | 12 (36.4) |
| Mildly impaired | 8 (24.2) |
| Severely impaired | 13 (39.4) |
| ILAE etiology (n, %) | |
| Structural | 10 (30.3) |
| Cortical dysplasia | 2 (6.1) |
| Vascular lesion | 3 (9.1) |
| Cavernoma | 1 (3.0) |
| Av‐malformation | 1 (3.0) |
| Brain trauma | 1 (3.0) |
| Late effects of radiation | 1 (3.0) |
| Hippocampal sclerosis | 1 (3.0) |
| Immune | 4 (12.1) |
| Autoimmune encephalitis | 4 (12.1) |
| Genetic | 1 (3.0) |
| Unknown | 18 (54.5) |
| Epilepsy types (n, %) | |
| Frontal lobe epilepsy | 14 (42.4) |
| Temporal lobe epilepsy | 12 (36.4) |
| Unspecified genetic generalized epilepsy | 1 (3.0) |
| Other | 6 (18.2) |
| Predominant seizure types (n, %); and seizure frequency (mean ± SD) at baseline | |
| Focal aware seizure |
4 (12.1); 6.9 ± 16.7 |
| Focal impaired awareness seizure |
21 (63.6); 4.2 ± 6.4 |
| Focal to bilateral tonic–clonic seizure |
7 (21.2); 0.2 ± 0.7 |
| Seizure free | 1 (3.0) |
| Number of ASMs at baseline (n, %) | |
| 1 | 1 (3.05) |
| 2 | 14 (42.4) |
| 3 | 17 (51.5) |
| 4 | 1 (3.05) |
| VNS model (n, %) | |
| 1000 (Sentiva) | 10 (30.3) |
| 106 (Aspire) | 23 (69.7) |
| Duration of VNS therapy (median, (range)) | 29 (12 to 60) |
Abbreviations: IQR = interquartile range, AEF = attention and executive functions, ASM = antiseizure medications.