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. 2024 Dec 6;41(1):37. doi: 10.1007/s00381-024-06673-5

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Schematic illustration of the intraoperative findings of a probe used for nerve root stimulation using the double-train mapping technique during lipoma surgery and the corresponding IOM recordings (based on real representative intraoperative triggered EMG recordings). Upper row: Schematic illustration of the operative field during surgery of a spinal lipoma with intraoperative mapping using a bipolar concentric probe to identify the sensory root (A) and motor root (B). Lower row: Intraoperative responses after double-train stimulation ( ) of nerve roots with elicitation of ipsilateral muscle responses for tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius muscle with a single response pattern indicating the sensory root (left panel) and a double response pattern indicating the motor root (right panel). L, left; R, right; APB, M. abductor pollicis brevis; QUA, M. quadriceps femoris; TA, M. tibialis anterior; GAS, M. gastrocnemius; AH, M. abductor halluces; SPH, M. sphincter ani

Inline graphic — Schematic illustration of the intraoperative findings of a probe used for nerve root stimulation using the double-train mapping technique during lipoma surgery and the corresponding IOM recordings (based on real representative intraoperative triggered EMG recordings). Upper row: Schematic illustration of the operative field during surgery of a spinal lipoma with intraoperative mapping using a bipolar concentric probe to identify the sensory root (A) and motor root (B). Lower row: Intraoperative responses after double-train stimulation ( ) of nerve roots with elicitation of ipsilateral muscle responses for tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius muscle with a single response pattern indicating the sensory root (left panel) and a double response pattern indicating the motor root (right panel). L, left; R, right; APB, M. abductor pollicis brevis; QUA, M. quadriceps femoris; TA, M. tibialis anterior; GAS, M. gastrocnemius; AH, M. abductor halluces; SPH, M. sphincter ani