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. 2024 Dec 6;41(1):37. doi: 10.1007/s00381-024-06673-5

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Intraoperative stimulation (upper row) and the corresponding intraoperative triggered EMG recording (lower row). Left column (A): After stimulation with the double-train paradigm, a single response in the TA, GAS, and abductor halluces muscles on the right side is recorded, indicating the sensory (posterior) S1 root (according to Schirmer et al. [34]). A small second response can be observed in the TA (and GAS), probably due to suprathreshold stimulation (4 mA) [27, 29]. Right column (B): After stimulation with the double-train paradigm, a double response in the adductor femoris, quadriceps, tibialis anterior (TA), and gastrocnemius (GAS) muscles can be recorded, with the highest amplitude response in the TA muscle on the right side indicating the motor (anterior) L5 root (according to Schirmer et al. [34])