Table 1.
Description of the variables and corresponding instruments used in the study
| Variables | Demand or resource | Items | Scale range | Mean (SD) |
Median (Q1-Q3) |
α | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Min | Max | ||||||
| Outcomes | |||||||
| Stressa,b | 3 | 1 | 5 | 3.3 (0.8) | 3.3 (2.8–4.0) | 0.85 | |
| Emotional exhaustionc | 5 | 1 | 5 | 2.3 (1.0) | 2.2 (1.4–3.0) | 0.90 | |
| Satisfaction with cared | 8 | 1 | 7 | 5.8 (0.8) | 5.9 (5.3–6.4) | 0.91 | |
| Independent variables | |||||||
| Improvement readinessc | Resource | 5 | 1 | 5 | 3.6 (0.8) | 3.8 (3.2–4.2) | 0.90 |
| Teamwork climatec | Resource | 7 | 1 | 5 | 3.8 (0.7) | 3.9 (3.3–4.4) | 0.81 |
| Growth opportunitiesc | Resource | 6 | 1 | 5 | 3.9 (0.8) | 4.0 (3.5–4.5) | 0.90 |
| Participation in decision-makingc | Resource | 6 | 1 | 5 | 3.6 (0.8) | 3.7 (3.2–4.2) | 0.86 |
| Sense of community at worka,b | Resource | 3 | 1 | 5 | 1.8 (0.7) | 1.7 (1.3–2.0) | 0.84 |
| Workloadc | Demand | 5 | 1 | 5 | 3.8 (0.8) | 3.9 (3.4–4.4) | 0.86 |
| Frustration with technologyc,e | Demand | 1 | 1 | 4 | 1.9 (0.9) | 2.0 (1.0–3.0) | |
aHigh mean values indicate low stress symptoms and a low sense of community at work, respectively
bCOPSOQiii. A 5-point Likert scale. (1 = “always”, 5 = “never/hardly ever”)
cSCORE. A 5-point Likert scale. (1 = “disagree strongly”, 5 = “agree strongly”)
dSSC. A 7-point Likert scale. (1 = “not at all”, 7 = “to a very high degree”)
eSingle item from SCORE. A 4-point Likert scale. (1 = “rarely or none of the time”, 4 = “all of the time”)