Table 1.
Clinical data of patients
| Number of patients (n = 182) |
||
|---|---|---|
| Sex | Male | 140(76.92%) |
| Female | 42(23.08%) | |
| Age (years) at symptom onset, mean ± standard deviation | 6.55 ± 2.27 | |
| Age (years) at diagnosis, mean ± standard deviation | 8.54 ± 2.41 | |
|
Time interval (years) between symptom onset and diagnosis, mean ± standard deviation |
1.99 ± 1.81 | |
| Subtypes of tic disorder | Provisional tic disorder | 65(35.71%) |
| Chronic motor or vocal tic disorder | 29(15.93%) | |
| Tourette syndrome | 88(48.35%) | |
| Ratio of neuropsychiatric comorbidities | 94(51.65%) | |
| Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder | 61(33.52%) | |
| Oppositional defiant disorder | 20(11.00%) | |
| current/previous manic/hypomanic episode | 14(7.69%) | |
| Panic attacks | 11(6.04%) | |
| Anxiety disorder | 9(4.95%) | |
| Separation anxiety | 9(4.95%) | |
| Specific phobia | 9(4.95%) | |
| Agoraphobia | 7(3.85%) | |
| Obsessive-compulsive behavior / disorder | 7(3.85%) | |
| Dysthymia | 6(3.30%) | |
| Conduct disorder | 5(2.75%) | |
| Learning disorder | 5(2.75%) | |
| Depression | 4(2.20%) | |
| Adjustment disorder | 2(1.10%) | |
| Psychotic symptoms | 2(1.10%) | |
| Anorexia nervosa | 1(0.55%) | |
| Emotional disorders with psychotic symptoms | 1(0.55%) | |
| Posttraumatic stress disorder | 1(0.55%) | |
| Fathers’ educational background | Bachelor degree | 89(48.90%) |
| Graduate degree | 55(30.22%) | |
| Others | 38(20.88%) | |
| Mothers’ educational background | Bachelor degree | 100(54.95%) |
| Graduate degree | 45(24.73%) | |
| Others | 37(20.33) | |
| Presence of siblings | 63(34.62%) | |
| Unspecified | 11(6.04%) | |
| YGTSS at diagnosis | < 25 | 114(62.64%) |
| 25–50 | 64(35.16%) | |
| > 50 | 4(2.20%) | |
| mean ± standard deviation | 22.57 ± 11.53 | |
| Combined Raven Test | mean ± standard deviation | 111.81 ± 11.83 (n = 150) |
| Neurologic “soft” findings (abnormal) | 141 (77.47%) | |