Table 1.

Summary of several strategies to control canker plant disease caused by P. syringae

Antimicrobial Compound		Example	MIC	Mechanism	Challenges	Ref.
Chemical compounds		Streptomycin	300 - 900 μg·m l–1	Bonding to ribosomal rRNA (part 16SrRNA from 30SrRNA) of bacteria and interfering on translation of mRNA causing cell death	Emergence of resistant pathogens Changing communities of bacteria Environmental pollution	[32] [37]
		Copper sulphate	0.75-3.0 mM	Penetration iron sulfur centers of proteins in the cells which are in anoxic situations Causing lipid peroxidation with catalysis of a Fenton-like reaction		[31] [32]
Biological control		B. subtilis P. agglomerans L. plantarum	- - -	Creation of toxins, hydrolases, lipopeptides, and extracellular antibiotics Nutritional competition and production of organic acids with antibacterial effects and peptide antibiotics Production of inhibitory bioactive composites, bacteriocins and organic acids
					Presentation of few successes to control of bacterial pathogens in nature	[42] [43] [44] [45] [48] [49]
Secondary metabolite of plants	Phenols	Thymus- Rosmarinus- Foeniculum- Mentha	3.92-125 mg ·m l–	The disruption of cell wall Inhibition of efflux pumps Disturbances in ATP balance Alteration in protein synthesis	High volatility Rapid degradation	[57] [59]
	Terpenoids	Oregano- Rosmarinus
Nanoparticles		AgNPs	12 ppm	Changing structure by penetration to the cell wall of bacteria Formation of free radicals by the silver nanoparticles Interaction with the thiol groups of many vital enzymes	Nanotoxicity of silver	[65] [66] [67] [70]
Bacteriophages		PN05 and PN09	2 mg ·m l–	Attachment and insertion of their genetic contents into the host procaryote cells Controlling machinery of hosts Replication of their nucleic acids Packaging	Creating mutants resistant to phages	[21] [76] [77]
Antimicrobial peptides: Antibacterial Synthetic Analogues of Battacin	synthetic	Cyclic	5- 98 μM	Perturbing the phospholipid Interfering with metabolism Targeting cytoplasmic components	Identification Purification methods	[96]
		linear	1− 24 μM
	Natural	Battacin	5−10 μM