Table 1.

Examples of CQA in 3D bioprinting.

Approach	Examples of CQA
Forming-based	Printability	Extrudability, filament formation, shape fidelity
	Rheological properties	Shear-thinning, viscoelasticity, yield stress, constitutive model
	Gelation properties	Gelation time, gel fraction
Function-based	Transport properties	Effective mass diffusion rate, vascularization
	Mechanical properties	Mechanical response: Young's modulus, response curve, constitutive model, strength
		Degradation properties: degradation rate
		Swelling properties: swelling rate
Function-based	Biological properties [41]	Gene expression: cell differentiation and phenotype, cell health, genomic stability
		Protein expression: matrix production, cell differentiation and phenotype, cell health
		Cell metabolism: nutrient and waste analysis, cell signaling, cellular products, cell health
		Cell properties: viability, morphology, motility, confluence, cell number, cell health
		Tissue properties: morphology, function