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. 2024 Nov 23;45:201–230. doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.11.021

Table 2.

Multi-scale fingerprints of printed models.

Scale Examples of fingerprints Affected properties
Macro Macro morphology, physicochemical properties of bioinks, external physicochemical stimuli Transport, mechanical, biological
Micro Fiber: orientation, size Transport, mechanical, biological
Pores: shape, size, distribution
Nano Surface pattern Biological