TABLE 5.

Results of the mean EMG activation level (%) between the groups.

Movement	Muscle	Experienced	Novice	p-value	ES
Chest lift	RA	38.2 ± 14.41	40.4 ± 23.92	0.73	0.12
	EO	54.6 ± 18.27	40.26 ± 10.62	0.005	1.00
	MU	8.4 ± 12.22	13.8 ± 11.29	0.17	0.45
	LO	2.2 ± 4.99	20.91 ± 51.70	0.13	0.66
Spine stretch	RA	14.5 ± 11.89	17.3 ± 14.19	0.58	0.18
	EO	52.5 ± 18.83	39.8 ± 11.40	0.02	0.84
	MU	19.8 ± 14.43	22.2 ± 10.28	0.55	0.20
	LO	16.9 ± 9.60	38.2 ± 74.92	0.24	0.50
Roll-up	RA	38.9 ± 12.07	39.8 ± 21.63	0.89	0.05
	EO	54.4 ± 17.02	40.1 ± 12.15	0.005	0.98
	MU	23.4 ± 37.37	40.5 ± 62.35	0.31	0.34
	LO	17.1 ± 41.96	23.99 ± 52.06	0.65	0.15
Double leg stretch	RA	38.0 ± 11.62	41.4 ± 22.50	0.55	0.20
	EO	54.2 ± 18.09	41.0 ± 15.24	0.02	0.79
	MU	8.5 ± 13.86	13.9 ± 13.37	0.23	0.40
	LO	4.3 ± 8.24	16.6 ± 39.65	0.19	0.52
Teaser	RA	36.1 ± 7.73	39.3 ± 21.29	0.55	0.22
	EO	56.5 ± 13.91	42.2 ± 16.66	0.006	0.93
	MU	22.9 ± 39.20	20.6 ± 11.06	0.81	0.09
	LO	15.50 ± 20.22	28.6 ± 51.24	0.31	0.37
Jackknife	RA	37.2 ± 8.77	38.6 ± 23.95	0.81	0.08
	EO	53.3 ± 13.02	41.7 ± 17.59	0.03	0.76
	MU	27.7 ± 14.84	38.3 ± 22.28	0.09	0.57
	LO	23.6 ± 13.71	32.3 ± 34.64	0.32	0.36

Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Abbreviations: RA: rectus abdominis; EO: external oblique; MU: multifidus; LO: longissimus; ES: effect size. ES values are interpreted as follows: small effect (0.2), medium effect (0.5), and large effect (0.8 or above).