Table 3.
Sample sizes and published subject descriptions for urinary cancer voc studies published from 2020 to 2023.
| Patient Group 1 | Patient Group 2 | Patient Group 3 | Controls | Diagnostic Method | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Animal Olfaction | |||||
| 30 patients undergoing surgery for esophageal cancer, average age 72 | N/A | nematode | (62) | ||
| 40 canine cancer patients with lymphoma, mast cell tumors, melanoma or hemangiosarcomas | 16 canine patients without confirmed cancer diagnosis | nematode | (63) | ||
| 21 male (prostate cancer) confirmed patients, average age 65.2 ± 4.49 | 19 male patients with benign (prostate cancer), average age 62.6 ± 7.26 | 27 male patients negative for prostate cancer, average age 65.4 ± 5.33 | nematode | (28) | |
| 79 female, 86 male diagnosed (lung cancer) patients, average age 68.19 | 51 female, 99 male patients negative for lung cancer, average age 51.22 | rat | (61) | ||
| 31 male, 24 female, confirmed (lung cancer) patients, average age 63.3 ± 9.5 | 1 male, 5 female, patients with benign lung diseases, average age 56.6 ± 6.3 | 8 male, 12 female healthy controls, average age 29.2 ± 2.5 | dog | (23) | |
| 40 female (breast cancer) patients, median age 57.5 | 142 female (non-breast malignancy) patients, median age 57 | 18 healthy female subjects, median age 52 | dog | (20) | |
| 36 histologically confirmed (lung cancer) patients, average age 66.7 (conditioning phase) | 41 histologically confirmed (lung cancer) patients, average age 65.6 (study phase) | 150 non-cancer patients and healthy volunteers, average age 63.7 (Conditioning phase) 205 non-cancer patients and healthy volunteers, average age 62.4 (study phase) | dog | (8) | |
| 12 male, Gleason 9-grade (prostate cancer) patients, median age 65.5 | 38 male, biopsy-negative patients, median age 58.5 | dog | (29) | ||
| Mass spectrometry only | |||||
| 26 (prostate cancer) patients, average age 66.95 ± 9.14 | 30 healthy subjects with no known pathologies, average age 46.21 ± 11.58 | GC-MS | (22) | ||
| 80 female biopsy-confirmed, untreated (breast cancer) patients, average age 49 | 88 healthy, female subjects, average age 42.7 | GC-MS | (14) | ||
| 70 female, 74 male terminal (lung cancer) patients, median age 70.5 (acid dataset) | 53 female, 63 male terminal (lung cancer) patients, median age 70 (alkali dataset) | N/A | GC-MS | (53) | |
| 10 male C57BL/six mice which received transgenic prostate cancer cells in tibia | 68 male patients with indolent prostate cancer | 27 male patients with aggressive prostate cancer | 67 suspected (prostate cancer) patients with negative biopsies | GC-MS | (47) |
| 10 female, 30 male, histopathologically confirmed (bladder cancer) patients, average age 59.9 | 18 female, 39 male, healthy controls, average age 55.8 | GC-MS | (42) | ||
| 14 male, 7 female patients with new (urothelial bladder cancer) diagnosis, median age 67 | 54 male, 21 female patients with recurrent urothelial bladder cancer, median age 73 | 62 male, 22 female patients with non-recurrent urothelial bladder cancer, median age 69 | 72 male, 53 female patients with non-cancer hematuria | GC-MS | (45) |
| 20 female BALB/c mice injected with mammary (breast cancer) tumor cells | 20 female BALB/c mice prior to injection with mammary tumor cells | GC-MS | (49) | ||
| 14 female, 39 male (urothelial bladder cancer) patients of various stages, median age 68.9 ± 10.6 | 16 female, 40 male, cancer-free controls, median age 51.9 ± 5.2 | GC-MS | (51) | ||
| 20 female BALB/c mice injected with mammary (breast cancer) tumors | 20 female BALB/c mice prior to injection with mammary tumors | GC-MS | (15) | ||
| 20 male (prostate cancer), patients, average age 67 ± 8.1 | 20 male (bladder cancer) patients, average age 69 ± 8.6 | 20 male (renal cell adenocarcinoma) patients, average age 71 ± 7.7 | 20 male, cancer-free controls, average age 58 ± 2.8 | GC-MS | (43) |
| 24 female (breast cancer) patients, average age 52 | 27 healthy subjects, average age 44 | TOF-MS | (48) | ||
| 43 histologically diagnosed (prostate cancer) patients, average age 68.3 ± 6 | 23 histologically diagnosed (prostate cancer) patients, average age 66 ± 6.8 | 87 non-cancer patients, average age 65 ± 11.9 and 65.5 ± 7.9 (two subsets) | TOF-MS | (58) | |
| eNose only | |||||
| 132 male (prostate cancer) patients of various grades | 19 female, 41 male healthy volunteers with negative family history of prostate cancer | eNose | (16) | ||
| 110 (renal cell adenocarcinoma) patients with confirmed neoplasms, average age 64.53 ± 11.72 | 142 ambulatory patients, no previous evidence of neoplasms, average age 63.05 ± 14.27 | eNose | (9) | ||
| 5 female, 26 male (hepatocellcular carcinoma) patients, median age 71 | 62 male (prostate cancer), patients, median age 71.2 | 5 female, 24 male (bladder cancer), patients, median age 74.2 | 7 female, 11 male non-cancer patients referred for investigation of abdominal symptoms | eNose | (21) |
| Combination/Others | |||||
| 22 male, 23 female, (pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma) patients, average age 64.1 ± 10.7 | 28 male, 17 female patients with chronic pancreatitis, average age 52.9 ± 12.2 | 15 male, 18 female healthy controls, average age 49.9 ± 7.8 | GC-MS & GC-IMS | (27) | |
| 12 male, 3 female (bladder cancer) patients, average age 70.0 | 55 male (prostate cancer) patients, average age 71.9 | 24 male, 12 female, non-cancer patients, average age 62.5 | GC-MS & GC-IMS | (57) | |
| 39 female (breast cancer) patients, average age 54.9 ± 12.0 | 51 female subjects, average age 29.7 ± 15.8 | eNose and GC-MS | (24) | ||
| 12 female (cervical cancer) patients, average age 47.4 ± 2.4 | 5 female patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasms, average age 35.2 ± 1.6 | 12 healthy female controls, average age 35.3 ± 1.7 | eNose and GC-MS | (44) | |
| 26 pathologically confirmed (gastric cancer) patients | 101 pathologically confirmed (renal cell adenocarcinoma) patients | 26 pathologically confirmed (non-small cell lung cancer) patients | 130 non-cancer subjects exhibiting gastric symptoms | eNose and GC-MS | (60) |
| 52 patients with confirmed urinary bladder cancer | 7 patients with fresh hematuria | 5 patients with other cancer types | 21 “normal” volunteers | Fluorometric sensor array | (38) |
| 4 male, 1 female patient with confirmed bladder cancer, average age 61.8 | 4 male, 1 female patients from Urology Outpatient Department, average age 60.8 | Fluorometric sensor array | (37) | ||
N/A, Not applicable.