Table 3.
Characteristics of 786 retracted articles in clinical and translational research
| Characteristic | N | (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Authorship | ||
| Consortium listed as an author | 11 | |
| Attribution statement | 302 | |
| Number of authors, median (IQR) | 6 | |
| Data | ||
| Primary type of data used | ||
| Previously Collected for Research Purposes | 91 | |
| Previously Collected, not Necessarily for Research | 87 | |
| De novo Collected | 608 | |
| Undefined | 580 | |
| Entered into Editable File (e.g. Excel, CSV, Tab Delimited) | 18 | |
| Database Program (e.g. ACCESS, SQL) | 3 | |
| Research Study Software (e.g. REDCap, CTMS) | 2 | |
| Other | 5 | |
| Data availability | ||
| Publicly available | 67 | |
| Available upon request | 21 | |
| Unknown | 698 | |
| Study Design 1 | ||
| Systematic review or meta-analysis | 47 | |
| Use of live animals | 213 | |
| Human subjects research | 571 | |
| Clinical Trial | 80 | |
| Benchtop (e.g. Cell lines, tissue) | 213 | |
| Observational Study | 316 | |
| Case-Control | 29 | |
| Cross Sectional | 135 | |
| Longitudinal / Repeated Measures | 120 | |
| Case Report | 29 | |
| Undefined | 3 | |
| Methods and Analysis | ||
| Prespecified statistical analysis plan | ||
| Yes, publicly available | 5 | |
| Yes, stated as prespecified but not publicly available | 7 | |
| Not explicitly stated | 774 | |
| Statistical analysis software 1 | ||
| Excel, Spreadsheet, or Google Sheets | 12 | |
| GraphPad PRISM | 86 | |
| JMP | 7 | |
| Matlab | 11 | |
| Minitab | 3 | |
| Python | 2 | |
| R or R Studio | 29 | |
| SAS | 39 | |
| SPSS or PASW | 229 | |
| Stata | 43 | |
| Statistica | 4 | |
| Undefined | 300 | |
| Other 2 | 64 | |
| Reproducible research methods | 9 |
1
Response categories for these questions were not mutually exclusive.
2
e.g., Comprehensive Meta-Analysis, Origin, SPM (Statistical Parametric Mapping), StatView.