Table 3.
Factors associated with total costs (US$) incurred by the PwTB during TB care, India, 2022–2023 (N = 1398)
| Characteristics | n (%) | Total cost median (IQR) | Adjusted coefficients (95%CI) | Marginal means (95% CI) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | 1398 (100) | 392.7 (134.5, 878.0) | |||
| Age (in years) | |||||
| ≥ 18 to ≤ 59 | 1134 (81.1) | 406.2 (145.3, 884.9) | 108.55 (41.97, 175.13) | 446.08 (370.37, 521.80) | 0.001 |
| ≥ 60 | 264 (18.9) | 261.6 (79.6, 838.8) | Reference | 337.54 (280.46, 394.61) | |
| Gender | |||||
| Male | 861 (61.6) | 413.7 (160.0, 835.3) | 36.00 (− 39.70, 111.71) | 439.42 (354.14, 524.71) | 0.351 |
| Female | 537 (38.4) | 354.8 (104.1, 906.4) | Reference | 403.42 (341.75, 465.09) | |
| Education | |||||
| Illiterate | 518 (37.1) | 399.2 (133.7, 874.9) | – | – | – |
| Any formal schooling | 705 (50.4) | 381.8 (133.2, 848.9) | – | – | – |
| Any college education | 175 (12.5) | 396.7 (142.6, 926.2) | – | – | – |
| Occupationa | |||||
| Employed | 785 (56.1) | 425.7 (189.7, 778.4) | Reference | 449.77 (395.46, 504.07) | |
| Economically inactive | 613 (43.9) | 336.9 (84.8, 930.0) | − 55.13 (− 179.21, 68.95) | 394.64 (270.86, 518.42) | 0.384 |
| Monthly household income before TB (quintiles) | |||||
| 1st (poorest) | 259 (18.5) | 347.3 (82.9, 899.8) | − 81.72 (− 202.45, 39.01) | 386.30 (286.37, 486.24) | 0.184 |
| 2nd | 336 (24) | 367.8 (133.0, 874.4) | − 71.41 (− 169.02, 26.19) | 396.61 (299.59, 493.63) | 0.151 |
| 3rd | 254 (18.2) | 427.8 (170.1, 815.7) | − 30.11 (− 139.95, 79.73) | 437.92 (341.67, 534.16) | 0.591 |
| 4th | 277 (19.8) | 395.8 (117.6, 800.2) | − 22.84 (− 129.43, 83.75) | 445.19 (349.77, 540.61) | 0.674 |
| 5th (richest) | 268 (19.2) | 480.6 (154.1, 974.7) | Reference | 468.03 (387.41, 548.64) | |
| Unknown/Missing | 4 (0.3) | 270.1 (162.2, 325.2) | – | – | – |
| Health/medical insurance scheme | |||||
| Yes | 514 (36.8) | 328.1 (101.3, 819.2) | − 105.01 (− 206.75, − 3.27) | 359.16 (265.89, 452.43) | 0.043 |
| No | 884 (63.2) | 420.3 (155.9, 887.5) | Reference | 464.17 (386.73, 541.62) | |
| Recipients of NPY | |||||
| Yes | 1250 (89.4) | 393.2 (134.5, 881.4) | – | – | – |
| No | 148 (10.6) | 389.0 (117.2, 826.6) | – | – | – |
| Notifying sector | |||||
| Public | 1263 (90.3) | 367.1 (122.4, 841.7) | Reference | 398.68 (336.57, 460.78) | |
| Private | 135 (9.7) | 700.2 (255.6, 1097.3) | 278.05 (− 66.69, 622.79) | 676.72 (332.40, 1021.05) | 0.114 |
| Site of disease | |||||
| Extra Pulmonary | 313 (22.4) | 402.4 (142.6, 964.5) | – | – | – |
| Pulmonary | 1079 (77.2) | 391.9 (130.8, 845.6) | – | – | – |
| Unknown/Missing | 6 (0.4) | 278.6 (185.3, 701.2) | – | – | – |
| Drug typeb | |||||
| DSTB | 1363 (97.5) | 391.9 (133.7, 877.0) | – | – | – |
| DRTB | 34 (2.4) | 495.8 (183.2, 911.2) | – | – | – |
| Unknown/Missing | 1 (0.1) | 185.3 (185.3, 185.3) | – | – | – |
| HIV | |||||
| Reactive | 15 (1.1) | 529.2 (103.2, 1151.1) | – | – | – |
| Non–Reactive | 1358 (97.1) | 393.2 (133.7, 878.0) | – | – | – |
| Unknown/Missing | 25 (1.8) | 364.5 (185.3, 752.7) | – | – | – |
| Diabetes | |||||
| Diabetic | 129 (9.2) | 577.9 (195.1, 967.0) | 57.51 (− 63.63, 178.66) | 474.54 (360.58, 588.51) | 0.352 |
| Non-Diabetic | 1214 (86.8) | 373.0 (125.5, 866.6) | Reference | 417.03 (344.55, 489.51) | |
| Unknown/Missing | 55 (3.9) | 428.8 (186.4, 752.7) | 82.40 (− 58.04, 222.85) | 499.44 (358.71, 640.17) | 0.250 |
| Hospitalization | |||||
| Yes | 258 (18.5) | 882.3 (408.0, 1554.1) | 518.60 (379.09, 784.10) | 900.39 (700.20, 1100.59) | < 0.001 |
| No | 1140 (81.5) | 323.4 (101.5, 719.4) | Reference | 318.80 (254.58, 383.01) | |
| Treatment outcome | |||||
| Favourable | 1302 (93.1) | 392.7 (134.1, 881.4) | – | – | – |
| Unfavourable | 96 (6.9) | 386.7 (138.1, 759.6) | – | – | – |
For marginal means, p value of 0.2 is considered for statistical significance
DSTB drug sensitive tuberculosis; DRTB drug resistant tuberculosis; HIV human immunodeficiency virus
aEmployed (Regular employee government/Regular employee private/Temporary employee (government and private)/Skilled worker/Daily wage earner/ Business/farm/shop); Economically inactive (Unemployed/Homemaker/Retired/Pensioner/Student)
bn is very low in the in unknown/missing category, so it was not considered for unadjusted analysis