Table 3.
Effects of phytobiotics on immune and inflammatory functions of broiler birds
| Sample | Diets | Cytokines | Immunoglobulins | Effects | References | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Downregulated | Upregulated | IgA, IgM, IgG | sIgA | ||||
| I | Oregano essential oil at 150 or 300 mg/kg diet | TGF-β, TNF-α, MYD88, TLR4 | N | NS | ** | ANT | [19] |
| I | Oregano aqueous extract at 400, 500, 600 and 700 mg/kg | IL-4, 1L-10 | N | NE | ** | IM | [23] |
| S | Astragalus membranaceus, and Glycyrrhiza uralencis at 150 mg/kg each | IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6 | N | ** | NE | ANT | [56] |
| I | A blend (Astragalus membranaceus and Codnopsis pilosula extract) at 500 mg/kg | N | IL-6, IL-10, IFN-β, IFN-γ, and TNF-α | NE | ** | IM and ANT | [147] |
| S | Yucca saponin (YSa), Yucca schidigera (YS), and Quillaja Saponaria (QS) at 500 mg/kg | IL-6, TNF-α | N | ** | NE | ANT | [148] |
| S | Plant polysaccharides | IL-β, TNF-α | IL-4, IL-10 | ** | NE | ANT | [150] |
| I | Sanguinarine (from Macleaya cordata) at 0.7 mg/kg diet | TNF-α, IL-4 | N | NE | ANT | [120] | |
| S | Ilicis Chinesis folium extract (powder) at 0, 250, 500, and 1,000 mg/kg | N | IL-4, IL-2 | ** | NE | ANT | [168] |
| S | Oral solutions of Oregano EO, and Macleaya cordata extract, at (125 mL/1,000L) | TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-4, and IL-6 | N | ** | NE | ANT | [173] |
| I | Thymol and Carvacrol eucetic at 30 mg/kg | IL-6, TNF-α | IL-10 | NS | NE | ANT | [173] |
| I | Loncirae flos and Turmeric extract at 0, 300, 500 g/t | IL-2, IL-8, TNF-α, TLR4, NF-κB, and MyD88 | N | ** | NE | ANT | [174] |
| S | Plant tannins from various sources: 68% (AT), 60% (CT), 73% (QT), and 50% (TT) | IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α | IL-10 | ** | ** | ANT | [175] |
| I | Fermented Chinese herbal residue at 5% | TNF-α, IFN-γ, 1L-1β, 1L-6 | N | NE | NE | ANT | [176] |
I Intestinal mucosa, S Serum, ANT Anti-inflammatory, IM Immunomodulatory, N None, NS Non-significant, ** Significant, NE Not evaluated, IgA, IgG, IgM Immunoglobulin A, G, M, sIgA Secretory immunoglobulin A, EO Essential oil, AT Acacia mearnsii tannin, CT Castanea sativa tannin, QT Schinopsis lorenzii tannin, TT Caesalpinia spinosa tannin, TNF-α tumor necrosis factor-α, IFN-γ Interferon-tau, IL Interleukins, 1L-1β Interleukin beta 1, TLR4 Toll-like receptor 4, NF-κB Nuclear factor-kappa B, MyD88 Myeloid differentiation response 88