Table 5.

Effect of phytobiotics on gut microbiota composition

Diets	Increased microbes	Reduced microbes	References
Blend (powder; ginger, liquorice, ashwagandha root, black seed and green tea leaves) at 3 kg/ton	Lactobacillus	Coliforms	[15]
OA (200 mg/kg), EO (150 mg/kg) and OA blend plus coated EO	Lactobacillus	E. coli, Salmonella, Clostridium perfringens	[21]
Ginger root extract at 1.5% or 3%	Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium	E. coli	[22]
Oregano aqueous extract at 400, 500, 600 and 700 mg/kg	Firmicutes, Lactobacillus	E. coli	[23]
Microencapsulated turmeric by maltodextrin: 1, 2, or 3 g/kg diet	Lactobacillus	Coliform	[34]
0.1%–0.5% of olive leaf extract	Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium	E. coli	[99]
Forepia subpinata powder at 1%, 2%, 3%	Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium	E. coli, Coliform	[102]
Pulicaria jauberti powder at 0, 3, 6 and 9 g/kg	Lactobacillus	Salmonella	[103]
Blend ((wheat germ (powder), hops and grape seed (extract)): 0.05%, 0.1% or 0.2%	Lactobacillus	E. coli, Salmonella	[129]
Magnolol at 100–400 mg/kg	Faecalibacterium	Coprobacillus	[140]
A blend (Astragalus membranaceus and Codnopsis pilosula extract) at 500 mg/kg	Bacteroidetes, unclassified Bacteroidales	Firmicutes and Alistipes	[147]
EO at 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg (carrier: rice husk powder and silica)	Lactobacillus, Faecalibacterium	Bacteroides, Intestinimonas	[152]
Combined plant oil (eucalyptus, carvacrol, cinnamyl aldehyde) at 100 g/ton	Streptococcus, Bifidobacterium	Escherichia-Shigella and Erysipelatoclostridium	[198]
Plant extract oil at 200 or 400 mg/kg	Faecalibacterium and unclassified Rikenellaceae, Lachinospiraceae	Lactobacillus	[199]
Thyme extract at 150 mg/L	Lactobacillus	Coliforms	[200]
Epimedium extract at 200 mg /kg	Lactobacillus, g_NK4A214_group	Microbacterium, Bacteroides, Gallibacterium	[201]
Clove powder and Tulsi extract via water at (0.5% + 2%), (1% + 3%), and (1.5% + 4%)	Lactobacillus	E. coli	[202]

EO Essential oil, OA Organic acids, E. coli Escherichia coli, S. aureus Staphylococcus aureus