. 2024 Nov 8;16(11):e73288. doi: 10.7759/cureus.73288

Table 2. Characteristics of the study population.

n: number of adults; %: percentage of adults; GED: high school diploma equivalent; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

^a Percentages are based on data standardized to the distribution of ages 65-69, 70-74, and 75-79 years in the full sample.

^b Adults in this racial/ethnic group significantly differ from White adults based on p < 0.05 and a difference of ≥ 1 percentage point.

^c Filipino adults significantly differ from Chinese adults based on p < 0.05 and a difference of ≥ 1 percentage point.

^d Men significantly differ from women in the same racial/ethnic group based on p < 0.05 and a difference of ≥ 1 percentage point.

Characteristic	White		Black		Latino		Filipino		Chinese
Women	n = 82,585		n = 9128		n = 8207		n = 5758		n = 4432
	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%
Age (prior to standardization)
65-69 years	32146	38.9	3919	42.9^b	3368	41.0^b	2263	39.3	2318	52.3^b
70-74 years	29423	35.6	2928	32.1	2608	31.8	1963	34.1	1196	27.0
75-79 years	21016	25.5	2281	25.0	2231	27.2^b	1532	26.6^d	918	20.7^b
Level of education ^a
Non-high school graduate	2469	3.0	537	6.0^b	1408	17.1^b	474	8.2^bc	260	6.0^b
High school graduate/GED	13334	16.2	1399	15.4	2170	26.5	546	9.5	500	11.9
Some college (no degree) or associate degree (AD)	28240	34.2	4268	46.8	2721	33.2	1284	22.3	1120	25.4
College graduate (≥ bachelor’s degree)	38542	46.7	2924	31.8^b	1908	23.2^b	3454	60.0^bc	2552	56.7^b
Prevalence of smoking and chronic health conditions ^a
Ever smoker	35484	43.1	4038	44.6^b	2669	32.6^b	785	13.7^bc	526	12.4^b
Current smoker	4200	5.1	739	8.1^b	345	4.2	135	2.4^b	70	1.5^b
Diabetes	12533	15.2	3088	34.0^b	2630	32.1^b	2451	42.6^bc	901	20.8^b
Hypertension	44605	54.0	7320	80.5^b	5303	64.7^b	4560	79.1^bc	2338	54.8
Coronary artery disease	2615	3.2	520	5.8^b	354	4.3^b	255	4.4^bc	94	2.3
COPD	7021	8.5	862	9.6^b	423	5.1^b	227	3.9^bc	99	2.4^b
Men	n = 66832		n = 6270		n = 7112		n = 4375		n = 4378
	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%
Age (prior to standardization)
65-69 years	25230	37.8	2614	41.7^b	2798	39.3	1710	39.1	2194	50.1^b
70-74 years	24204	36.2	2020	32.2	2350	33.1	1522	34.8	1154	26.4
75-79 years	17398	26.0	1636	26.1	1964	27.6^b	1143	26.1	1030	23.5^bd
Level of education ^a
Non-high school graduate	1934	2.9	405	6.5^b	1139	15.9^bd	240	5.5^bd	205	4.8^bd
High school graduate/GED	7790	11.6	1007	16.1	1496	21.0	523	11.9	355	8.1
Some college (no degree) or associate degree (AD)	19852	29.7	2681	42.7	2382	33.6	1248	28.6	966	22.1
College graduate (≥ bachelor’s degree)	37256	55.8^d	2177	34.7^bd	2095	29.5^bd	2364	54.0^c^d	2852	65.0^bd
Prevalence of smoking and health conditions ^a
Ever smoker	34442	51.7^d	3570	57.6^bd	3695	52.2^d	2514	57.8^bcd	1253	29.6^bd
Current smoker	3621	5.5	584	9.4^bd	389	5.5^d	254	5.8^c^d	133	3.0^bd
Diabetes	14752	22.0^d	2374	37.9^bd	2762	38.8^bd	2210	50.5^bcd	1205	28.2^bd
Hypertension	40272	60.1^d	4875	77.9^bd	4866	68.2^bd	3467	79.2^bc	2603	60.8^d
Coronary artery disease	5231	7.6^d	499	7.3^d	607	7.8^d	429	8.9^bcd	263	5.5^bd
COPD	5895	8.9	682	10.9^bd	460	6.4^bd	387	8.8^c^d	168	4.1^bd