Table 5. Cancer.

	Author, year, Location	Study design	Age	% male	HIV Virological Control	NCD Examined	Main findings
1	Serrano-Villar 2017, Spain	Cross sectional (n = 42) study of MSM with HIV and MSM Without HIV Infection	Years (mean, SD) 39 ¬± 9 years	100	95% undetectable. Suppressed viral load	Anal screening for HPV lesions; study participants were classified according to the presence of histologic lesions: HSIL (N = 14), LSIL (N = 13), and normal (N = 15)	α-and β- diversity was higher in rectal mucosa compared with faecal samples with distinct microbiota compositions in both sample type. Prevotella was the most abundant genus in both mucosa and faeces. In mucosa samples, Peptostrepcoccus and Anerovibrio were enriched in those with AIN, Campylobacter was enriched in those with LSIL and Gardnerella & Catenibacterium were enriched in those with HSIL. In faecal samples, those with AIN showed depletion of Bifidobacterium, and enrichment for Peptostreptococcus. Campylobacter was enriched in those with LSIL, whereas Ruminococcus and Pseudomonas were predictive of HSIL.
2	Merlini 2018, Italy	Cross sectional study of PWH (n = 36)		100	100% undetectable/ suppressed viral load	Anal HPV genotyping by qPCR and sequencing analysis.	aHPV patients showed a marked dysbiosis, with higher proportion of Prevotellaceae and lower Leuconostocaceae Participants with hrHPV cytology displayed a higher proportion of Prevotellaceae and Veillonellaceae, but lower Bacteroidaceae, Lachnospiraceae and Rikenellaceae as compared to lrHPV cytology. Predicted metabolic function showed that PWH with hrHPV genotypes showed increased abundance of genes related to immune system activation and to metabolic syndrome
3	Marks 2013, USA	Case control study of PWH (n = 246) from 4 cohort studies: The DCG; The MHCS I and MHCS II; and the ACC classified as 1. NHL cases (n = 56) and 2. controls (n = 190)	Age by ranges (years), Cases- NHL <30–15 (26.8%) 30-36- 11(19.6%) 37-42- 17 (30/4%) Controls <30–37 (19.5%) 30-36- 51 (26.8% 37–42 52 (27.4%) >43–50 (26.3%)	1.94.6% 2.93.7%-	26.5% viral load < 91,201 copies per ml, 20% viral load >91,201 copies per ml, 57% NA	NHL	sCD14 and LPS were associated with a 2.5-3-fold increased NHL risk in PWH. Among cases, levels of sCD14 were positively correlated with levels of lambda free light chains.

Abbreviations: ACC, AIDS Cancer Cohort Study; AIN, Anal intraepithelial neoplasia; aHPV, altered HPV; DCG, The District of Columbia/New York gay men’s cohort; HPV, Human papillomavirus; hrHPV, high risk HPV; lrHPV, low risk HPV; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; MHCS, The Multicenter Hemophilia Cohort Studies; MSM, men who have sex with men; NHL, non-hodgkin lymphoma; sCD14, soluble CD14