Table 6. Frailty.
| Author, year, Location | Study design | Age | % male | HIV Virological Control | NCD Examined | Main findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Taylor 2020, USA | Cross sectional study of the HNRC study of 1. PWH (n = 200), 2. HIV/HCV coinfection (n-46) 3. Uninfected controls (n = 101) Participants categorised as (a) dependent in IADLs or (b) independent |
Years (mean, SD) 1.(a) 54.7 (11.1), (b)- 50.0 (12.2), 2. (a) 54.7 (10.6), (b) 53.0 (8.1) 3.(a) 48.8 (18.4), (b)- 51.3 (16.4) |
1. (a) 86%, (b) 87%; 2. (a) 77%, (b); 92% 3.(a) 60%, (b) 60% |
1. 87% 2. 88% 3. 72% 4. 94% undetectable/ suppressed viral load |
Depression, diagnosed by DSM-IV, Beck Depression Inventory-II Assessments of ADLs with a modified version of the Lawton and Brody Scale. |
Differences in β- diversity seen between independent and dependent PWH and HIV/ HCV group and displayed distinct microbiome compositions. Those who reported reduced independence were enriched in genus Bacteroides in PWH and HIV/ HCV groups. IADL dependence was significantly associated with greater neurocognitive impairment, unemployment, disability, depressed current mood, and higher rates of DSM-IV diagnoses of lifetime and current MDD, and methamphetamine use disorder. |
| Dillon 2021, USA | RCT post-hoc analysis of the ’Exercise in Healthy Aging’ study and the ’Assessing Tenofovir Pharmacology in Older HIV-infected Individuals Receiving Tenofovir-based Antiretroviral Therapy’ study of 1.PWH (n = 22) and 2.Uninfected controls (n = 22) | Years (mean, SD) 1. 60.79 (7.71) 2. 59.50 (6.62) |
95% | 100% undetectable/ suppressed viral load | Functional assessments include: Time to complete a 400m walk, climb a flight of 10 stairs, or to complete 10 repeat chair rises, SPPB test, hand grip strength assessment, muscle strength measurements. Muscle mass estimate of LBM, and ALM DXA |
No difference between α-or β- diversity seen between groups. Lower relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae and Alistipes in PWH versus controls. Greater abundance of Alistipes, Escherichia, Prevotella, Megasphaera, and Subdoligranulum associated with reduced lower extremity muscle function, decreased lean mass, or lower SPPB scores. Greater abundance of Dorea, Coprococcus, and Phascolarctobacterium in older PWH were associated with better muscle function, lean mass, and SPPB scores. In both groups, increasing levels of butyrate were significantly associated with greater grip strength |
| 3. | Sanchez-Conde 2023 | Cross sectional study of 1. 24 PWH and 2. 12 HIV negative controls |
Years (mean, SD) 1. 61.9 (7.6) 2.60.6 (6.1) |
100% undetectable/ suppressed viral load | 77& | Frailty according to Fried’s frailty phenotype, defined by 5 functional criteria: shrinking, weakness, poor endurance and energy, slowness, and low physical activity level |
Abbreviations: ADL, activities of daily living; ALM, appendicular lean mass; DSM-IV, The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition; DXA, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; HCV; hepatitis C virus; HNRC, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Centre; IADLs, Instrumental activities of daily living; LBM, lean body mass; MDD, major depressive disorder; SPPB, Short Physical Performance Battery