Table 2.
Associations between consumption of three types of beverages and risk of chronic kidney diseases.
| Cases/person-years | Hazard ratio [95% confidence interval] | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age and gender-stratified model | Multivariable adjusted model 1 † | Multivariable adjusted model 2 ‡ | ||
| Sugar-sweetened beverages | ||||
| 0 unit per day | 3,273/1,368,343.4 | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 0–1 unit per day | 1,263/527,344 | 1.04 [0.97, 1.11] | 1.02 [0.96, 1.09] | 1.03 [0.96, 1.10] |
| >1 units per day | 447/136,586.6 | 1.67 [1.51, 1.85] | 1.49 [1.35, 1.65] | 1.45 [1.30, 1.61] |
| P for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Artificially sweetened beverages | ||||
| 0 unit per day | 3,873/1,610,144.7 | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 0–1 unit per day | 753/310,887.4 | 1.21 [1.12, 1.31] | 1.14 [1.05, 1.23] | 1.14 [1.05, 1.23] |
| >1 units per day | 357/111,241.9 | 1.87 [1.67, 2.08] | 1.57 [1.40, 1.75] | 1.52 [1.36, 1.70] |
| P for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Natural juices | ||||
| 0 unit per day | 2,650/982,635.8 | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 0–1 unit per day | 1,967/901,712.2 | 0.74 [0.70, 0.78] | 0.85 [0.8, 0.91] | 0.86 [0.81, 0.91] |
| >1 units per day | 366/147,926 | 0.87 [0.78, 0.97] | 0.99 [0.89, 1.11] | 1.01 [0.90, 1.13] |
| P for trend | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.009 | |
Multivariable adjusted model 1: additionally adjusted for race (white, or other), education levels (less than high school, high school or equivalent, or college or above), household income (low, medium, high, unknown, or missing), socioeconomic status (index of multiple deprivation, fifth), smoking status (never smoker, previous smoker, or current smoker), alcohol consumption (daily or almost daily, one to four times a week, one to three times a month, special occasions only or never), physical activity (low, moderate, or high), fruit and vegetable intake (≥5 portions or <5 portions), red and processed meat intake (<2.0 times per week, 2.0–2.9 times per week, 3.0–3.9 times per week, and ≥4.0 times per week), sleep time (<8, 8–9, >9 h), and medications use (aspirin, non-aspirin NSAIDs, and proton pump inhibitors use).
Multivariable adjusted model 2: additionally adjusted for total sugar intake, total energy, and mutually adjusted for another two beverages.