Table 4.
Subgroup analyses for the associations between consumption of three types of beverages and risk of chronic kidney diseases.
| Sugar-sweetened beverages unit/day | Artificially sweetened beverages unit/day | Natural juices unit/day | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0–1 | >1 | 0 | 0–1 | >1 | 0 | 0–1 | >1 | |
| Sex | |||||||||
| Male | Ref | 0.94 [0.87, 1.03] | 1.40 [1.23, 1.59] | Ref | 1.17 [1.06, 1.29] | 1.53 [1.33, 1.77] | Ref | 0.86 [0.8, 0.93] | 0.96 [0.83, 1.11] |
| Female | Ref | 1.19 [1.07, 1.32] | 1.57 [1.30, 1.90] | Ref | 1.1 [0.97, 1.25] | 1.53 [1.29, 1.82] | Ref | 0.85 [0.77, 0.94] | 1.1 [0.9, 1.34] |
| P for interaction | 0.006 | 0.906 | 0.505 | ||||||
| Age | |||||||||
| 37–60 years | Ref | 1.12 [1.00, 1.25] | 1.52 [1.29, 1.78] | Ref | 1.17 [1.03, 1.33] | 1.56 [1.32, 1.83] | Ref | 0.89 [0.8, 0.98] | 1.01 [0.84, 1.23] |
| ≥60 years | Ref | 0.98 [0.90, 1.07] | 1.40 [1.22, 1.61] | Ref | 1.12 [1.01, 1.23] | 1.5 [1.29, 1.74] | Ref | 0.84 [0.78, 0.91] | 1 [0.86, 1.15] |
| P for interaction | 0.025 | 0.442 | 0.988 | ||||||
| Household income | |||||||||
| Low | Ref | 1.04 [0.91, 1.19] | 1.42 [1.16, 1.73] | Ref | 1.22 [1.04, 1.43] | 1.88 [1.53, 2.31] | Ref | 0.87 [0.77, 0.99] | 0.98 [0.77, 1.26] |
| Medium | Ref | 1.01 [0.92, 1.12] | 1.46 [1.25, 1.71] | Ref | 1.18 [1.05, 1.32] | 1.50 [1.28, 1.77] | Ref | 0.87 [0.80, 0.95] | 1.00 [0.84, 1.18] |
| High | Ref | 1.01 [0.86, 1.2] | 1.64 [1.25, 2.16] | Ref | 1.07 [0.88, 1.30] | 1.14 [0.83, 1.57] | Ref | 0.85 [0.73, 0.99] | 1.08 [0.84, 1.39] |
| P for interaction | 0.773 | 0.004 | 0.616 | ||||||
| Never smoker | |||||||||
| No | Ref | 0.97 [0.89, 1.07] | 1.45 [1.26, 1.67] | Ref | 1.1 [0.99, 1.22] | 1.5 [1.3, 1.74] | Ref | 0.87 [0.8, 0.94] | 0.96 [0.81, 1.12] |
| Yes | Ref | 1.09 [0.99, 1.2] | 1.47 [1.26, 1.73] | Ref | 1.16 [1.03, 1.31] | 1.51 [1.27, 1.8] | Ref | 0.84 [0.77, 0.92] | 1.05 [0.89, 1.23] |
| P for interaction | 0.228 | 0.712 | 0.408 | ||||||
| Never drinker | |||||||||
| No | Ref | 1.01 [0.93, 1.09] | 1.41 [1.24, 1.6] | Ref | 1.12 [1.03, 1.23] | 1.51 [1.32, 1.72] | Ref | 0.81 [0.76, 0.87] | 0.97 [0.85, 1.11] |
| Yes | Ref | 1.08 [0.94, 1.25] | 1.58 [1.3, 1.93] | Ref | 1.18 [1, 1.38] | 1.61 [1.32, 1.96] | Ref | 0.97 [0.85, 1.11] | 1.07 [0.84, 1.35] |
| P for interaction | 0.284 | 0.461 | 0.151 | ||||||
| Hypertension | |||||||||
| No | Ref | 1.03 [0.86, 1.23] | 1.74 [1.33, 2.29] | Ref | 1.13 [0.91, 1.4] | 1.29 [0.93, 1.80] | Ref | 0.86 [0.73, 1.02] | 0.99 [0.72, 1.35] |
| Yes | Ref | 1.04 [0.97, 1.12] | 1.45 [1.29, 1.63] | Ref | 1.1 [1.01, 1.19] | 1.47 [1.31, 1.65] | Ref | 0.86 [0.81, 0.92] | 1.02 [0.9, 1.15] |
| P for interaction | 0.354 | 0.69 | 0.997 | ||||||
| Hyperglycemia | |||||||||
| No | Ref | 1.08 [0.99, 1.17] | 1.41 [1.23, 1.63] | Ref | 1.04 [0.94, 1.16] | 1.23 [1.05, 1.45] | Ref | 0.85 [0.79, 0.92] | 0.93 [0.8, 1.08] |
| Yes | Ref | 0.91 [0.8, 1.04] | 1.51 [1.24, 1.83] | Ref | 1.21 [1.05, 1.39] | 1.64 [1.38, 1.94] | Ref | 0.87 [0.77, 0.98] | 1.28 [1.04, 1.58] |
| P for interaction | 0.078 | 0.002 | 0.123 | ||||||
| Metabolic syndrome | |||||||||
| No | Ref | 1.08 [0.97, 1.19] | 1.36 [1.14, 1.62] | Ref | 1.12 [0.99, 1.28] | 1.32 [1.07, 1.64] | Ref | 0.8 [0.73, 0.87] | 0.91 [0.77, 1.09] |
| Yes | Ref | 0.94 [0.85, 1.04] | 1.39 [1.19, 1.63] | Ref | 1.14 [1.01, 1.27] | 1.46 [1.26, 1.69] | Ref | 0.9 [0.82, 0.98] | 1.11 [0.93, 1.32] |
| P for interaction | 0.121 | 0.402 | 0.561 | ||||||
| The predicted 5-year CKD risk | |||||||||
| Low | Ref | 1.15 [0.94, 1.39] | 1.67 [1.29, 2.18] | Ref | 1.32 [1.07, 1.64] | 1.61 [1.22, 2.12] | Ref | 0.85 [0.71, 1.02] | 0.97 [0.70, 1.35] |
| Medium | Ref | 1.03 [0.91, 1.17] | 1.53 [1.26, 1.86] | Ref | 1.14 [0.98, 1.32] | 1.58 [1.28, 1.94] | Ref | 0.84 [0.75, 0.94] | 1.13 [0.92, 1.39] |
| High | Ref | 1.00 [0.92, 1.09] | 1.35 [1.16, 1.56] | Ref | 1.09 [0.98, 1.21] | 1.45 [1.25, 1.68] | Ref | 0.87 [0.80, 0.94] | 0.95 [0.82, 1.11] |
| P for interaction | 0.1035 | 0.304 | 0.601 | ||||||
Estimated effects were based on the fully adjusted model (see the footnote in Table 2). The predicted 5-year CKD risk were calculated by previously developed 5-year risk prediction equations for CKD and then categorized into three groups by tertiles (low, medium, and high).