Table 10.

Comparative analysis of core issues—differences.

Differentiation category	Cross-cultural	Indigenous cultural
Geographical and cultural scope	Covers various countries and cultural backgrounds, focusing on cross-cultural exchange and educational reform within a globalized context	Primarily focuses on the culture and educational practices of a single country or region, with greater emphasis on local cultural identity and heritage
Research perspective and focus	Focuses on exploring cross-cultural exchange and the impact of globalization	Emphasizes local cultural identity, educational reform, and professional development, with attention to specific teaching practices and social value
Teaching methods and practices	Emphasizes diverse teaching methods and cross-cultural integration	Focuses on specific teaching experiences and local educational reform