Figure 1.

The biosynthesis pathways of n-3 and n-6 PUFAs ¹⁴. N-3 and n-6 PUFAs undergo a series of biosynthetic processes utilizing the same desaturases and elongases. Stearic acid is a lipid mediator from C18 polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as ALA or LA. Eicosanoids are formed from C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as DGLA, ARA, or EPA. Docosanoids are synthesized from C22 polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as DPAn-3 and DHA. The n-3 and n-6 PUFAs undergo metabolism via LOX, COX, and CYP pathways. These processes can transform EPA and DHA into specialized proresolving mediators (SPMs), such as resolvins, maresins, and protectins, which possess anti-inflammatory characteristics ⁴⁴. AA: Arachidonic acid; AdA: Adrenal acid; ALA: α-Linolenic acid; DHA: Docosahexaenoic acid; DHLA: Dihydrolipoic acid; DHEA: Docosahexaenoyl ethanolamide; DGLA: Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid; DPA: Docosapentaenoic acid; EET: Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid; EPA: Eicosapentaenoic acid; GLA: γ-Linolenic acid; HDoHE: Hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid; HETE: Hydroxy eicosatetraenoic acid; HODE: Hydroxy octadecadienoic acid; HpETE: Hydroperoxy eicosatetraenoic acid; LA: Linoleic acid; LT: Leukotriene; LX: Lipoxin; PG: Prostaglandin; Rv: Resolvin; SDA: Stearidonic acid; TX: Thromboxane.