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. 2024 Nov 14;16(12):3089–3112. doi: 10.1038/s44321-024-00169-0

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ applies to the data associated with this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data, but does not extend to the graphical or creative elements of illustrations, charts, or figures. This waiver removes legal barriers to the re-use and mining of research data. According to standard scholarly practice, it is recommended to provide appropriate citation and attribution whenever technically possible.

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(A, B) The significantly downregulated (A) and upregulated (B) metabolites during the process from HD turning to PL and GC finally (Student’s t test). The numbers of the participants in HD, PL, and GC groups were 69, 71, and 76, respectively. (C) The ROC curves of SLMS in comparing any two groups in the predictive cohort. (D–G) The ROC curves of SLMS, CEA, CA19-9, and CA72-4 to differentiate GC patients in early-stage from healthy donors in the training (D), testing (E), external validation (F), and predictive cohorts (G). In the box plots of A and B, the upper bound, the line inside and the lower bound shows the 75th, 50th, and 25th percentiles of the sample while whiskers are extended to the most extreme data point that is no more than 1.5× interquartile range (75th percentile minus 25th percentile) from the edge of the box. AUC area under curve, CA19-9 carbohydrate antigen 199, CA72-4 carbohydrate antigen 724, CEA carcinoembryonic antigen, GC gastric cancer, HD healthy donor, PL precancerous lesion, ROC receiver operating characteristic, SLMS serum lipid metabolic signature.