Fig. 4. Spatial distance determines the dissimilarity of rhizospheric microbial communities in vineyards at a local scale in the Montepulciano territory.

Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) based on unweighted UniFrac distances between the bacterial (A) and fungal (B) profiles of Vitis vinifera cultivar Sangiovese rhizospheres in the different additional geographical units (AGUs) of the Montepulciano territory. The first and second principal components are plotted, and the percentage of variance in the dataset explained by each axis is shown. P-values are calculated with a permutation test with a pseudo-F ratio, taking into account the contribution of seasonality, agronomical practices and management, vine clone type, rootstock family, altitude, and soil composition (p-value ≤  0.01).