TABLE 2—
Actively Implemented Overdose Education and Naloxone Distribution (OEND) Strategies for Wave 1 Communities Participating in the HEALing Communities Study: 4 US States, April 8, 2020‒June 30, 2022
| State | Urban‒Rural Classification | Total | |||||
| KY | MA | NY | OH | Urban | Rural | ||
| No. of communities | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 18 | 15 | 33 |
| No. of OEND strategies implemented | 104 | 54 | 38 | 58 | 145 | 109 | 254 |
| Strategy, no. (%) | |||||||
| Active OEND | 58 (55.8) | 38 (70.4) | 28 (73.7) | 51 (87.9) | 101 (69.7) | 74 (67.9) | 175 (68.9) |
| At-risk individualsa | 9 (15.5) | 19 (50.0) | 22 (78.6) | 21 (41.2) | 40 (39.6) | 31 (41.9) | 71 (40.6) |
| High-risk venuesa | 49 (84.5) | 19 (50.0) | 6 (21.4) | 30 (58.8) | 61 (60.4) | 43 (58.1) | 104 (59.4) |
| Passive OEND | 44 (42.3) | 12 (22.2) | 9 (23.7) | 6 (10.3) | 42 (29.0) | 29 (26.6) | 71 (28.0) |
| Referralb | 0 (0) | 2 (16.7) | 0 (0) | 1 (16.7) | 1 (2.4) | 2 (6.9) | 3 (4.2) |
| Self-requestb | 37 (84.1) | 7 (58.3) | 2 (22.2) | 2 (33.3) | 30 (71.4) | 18 (62.1) | 48 (67.6) |
| Naloxone availability for immediate use in overdose hotspotsb | 7 (15.9) | 3 (25.0) | 7 (77.8) | 3 (50.0) | 11 (26.2) | 9 (31.0) | 20 (28.2) |
| Capacity for first-responder administration | 2 (1.9) | 3 (5.6) | 1 (2.6) | 1 (1.7) | 1 (0.7) | 6 (5.5) | 7 (2.8) |
| Otherc | 0 (0) | 1 (1.9) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.4) |
| Sector, no. (%) | |||||||
| Health care | 18 (17.3) | 15 (27.8) | 9 (23.7) | 18 (31.0) | 34 (23.4) | 26 (23.9) | 60 (23.6) |
| Behavioral health | 55 (52.9) | 35 (64.8) | 23 (60.5) | 20 (34.5) | 76 (52.4) | 57 (52.3) | 133 (52.4) |
| Criminal justice | 31 (29.8) | 4 (7.4) | 6 (15.8) | 20 (34.5) | 35 (24.1) | 26 (23.9) | 61 (24.0) |
Note. HEAL = Helping to End Addiction Long-Term. The sample size was n = 33 communities; n = 1 community randomized to wave 1 withdrew before strategy selection. Summary of unique strategy‒sector‒venue triad combinations that were actively implemented (defined as strategies that reached the service delivery stage of implementation) during wave 1. The most recent entry for each triad is chosen. Duplicate triad entries are rolled to the triad level. Results are based on data pulled from the Opioid-overdose Reduction Continuum of Care Approach (ORCCA) Tracker on March 24, 2023.
Percentage out of active OEND strategies.
Percentage out of passive OEND strategies.
Other strategy: Never Use Alone helpline.