Figure 1.

Overview of mRNA lipid nanoparticle (LNP) formulation. Excipients of LNPs include an ionizable lipid, a lipid‐anchored PEG, a helper lipid, and a steroid that is mixed with a nucleic acid of interest. The lipid phase and the nucleic acid phase are mixed, often through microfluidics or pipette mixing, to formulate the LNP. The LNP can then be administered in vivo, in vitro to transfect a cell line, or ex vivo, where cells are transfected apart from the body and then readministered. Created with BioRender.