Fig. 4.

Potential strategies to facilitate development and clinical translation of bioactive scaffold for regeneration of soft-hard tissue interface. In-depth understanding of the interface biology using advanced technologies (e.g., scRNA-seq, CellChat, & spatial transcriptomics) will guide the designing of effective bioactive cues and delivery systems. The spatiotemporally controlled bioactivities can be implemented in a 3D scaffold system produced by advanced fabrication techniques (e.g., 3D printing & MEW). The designing of spatially controlled bioactivities and the biomaterial selection necessitate the understanding of expected translational pathways, dependent on the FDA classification and associated requirements for premarket approval. Consideration of the funding mechanism for translational pathway and potential industrial partnerships is also required to be visited at the early stage of project development. If necessary, the components in the bioactive scaffolds may need to be simplified through reduction optimization process, seeking the simplest form to achieve desired efficacy, which may lead to a cost-reduction in the translational pathway.