Table 3.

Assorted types of additional sensors and other passively collected in GEMA studies.

Domain	Measures obtained with passive sensors	Studies
Physical activity pattern	pedometer, accelerometry, physical activity intensity or duration, total energy expenditure, device wear time,	(Ben-Zeev et al., 2015; Bollenbach et al., 2022; Crochiere et al., 2021; Doherty et al., 2014; Koch et al., 2018, 2020; Kondo et al., 2020; Labhart et al., 2020; Pellegrini et al., 2022; Raugh et al., 2021; Reichert et al., 2017; Seto et al., 2016; Xia et al., 2022)
Environmental/ambient condition	weather information (e.g., temperature, humidity, precipitation, light level), noise, air pollutant (e.g., PM2.5); ambient silence, ambient darkness, or radiofrequency electromagnetic field (12 radio frequency bands for communication)	(Ben-Zeev et al., 2015; Bolte et al., 2019; Jacobson and Bhattacharya, 2022; Kou et al., 2020; Su et al., 2022; Tao et al., 2021; Zhang et al., 2020)
Smartphone communication pattern	number of incoming and outgoing text messages, message length, number of phone calls, duration of phone call, number of unique phone numbers dialed, call duration,	(Ben-Zeev et al., 2015; Jacobson and Bhattacharya, 2022; Labhart et al., 2020; Meyerhoff et al., 2021; Pellegrini et al., 2022; Raugh et al., 2021)
Sleep pattern	duration of sleep, sleep efficiency, number or duration of nighttime awakenings, or duration of restlessness periods	(Ben-Zeev et al., 2015; Crochiere et al., 2021; Sukei et al., 2021)
Physiological outcome	skin conductance, skin temperature, heart rate, heart rate variability,	(Jacobson and Bhattacharya, 2022; Shoval et al., 2018)
Smartphone usage	battery status, signal strength, WiFi, Bluetooth, daily app use duration	(Labhart et al., 2020; Meyerhoff et al., 2021)