Table 2.
Association of covariates and severe headache or migraine.
| Covariates | OR (95%CI) | p-value |
|---|---|---|
| Gender, n (%) | ||
| Male | 1 (Ref) | |
| Female | 2.12 (1.79–2.51) | <0.001 |
| Age (year) | 0.97 (0.96–0.97) | <0.001 |
| Race/ethnicity, n (%) | ||
| Mexican American | 1 (Ref) | |
| Other Hispanic | 1.27 (0.82–1.95) | 0.287 |
| Non-Hispanic White | 0.75 (0.59–0.94) | 0.011 |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 0.96 (0.72–1.27) | 0.762 |
| Other race | 1.06 (0.68–1.66) | 0.803 |
| Education level, n (%) | ||
| Less than high school | 1 (Ref) | |
| High school diploma | 1 (0.77–1.29) | 0.991 |
| More than high school | 0.88 (0.71–1.1) | 0.259 |
| Marital status, n (%) | ||
| Married | 1 (Ref) | |
| Living alone | 1.09 (0.91–1.3) | 0.337 |
| Living with partner | 1.62 (1.13–2.32) | 0.009 |
| Family PIR | 0.87 (0.83–0.92) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 1.02 (1.01–1.04) | <0.001 |
| CRP (mg/dl) | 1.07 (0.98–1.16) | 0.135 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | ||
| No | 1 (Ref) | |
| Yes | 0.94 (0.71–1.23) | 0.650 |
| Physical activity, n (%) | ||
| Moderate | 1 (Ref) | |
| Vigorous | 1.30 (1.05–1.6) | 0.015 |
| Drinking status, n (%) | ||
| <12 alcohol drinks a year | 1 (Ref) | |
| ≥12 alcohol drinks a year | 0.70 (0.59–0.83) | <0.001 |
| Smoking status, n (%) | ||
| Never smokers | 1 (Ref) | |
| Current smokers | 1.19 (0.96–1.48) | 0.120 |
| Former smokers | 0.62 (0.51–0.75) | <0.001 |
| Coronary heart disease, n (%) | ||
| No | 1 (Ref) | |
| Yes | 0.53 (0.35–0.8) | 0.003 |
| Stroke, n (%) | ||
| No | 1 (Ref) | |
| Yes | 1.14 (0.73–1.8) | 0.564 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | ||
| No | 1 (Ref) | |
| Yes | 0.94 (0.79–1.12) | 0.482 |
| Hypercholesterolaemia, n (%) | ||
| No | 1 (Ref) | |
| Yes | 1 (0.85–1.18) | 0.994 |
| Energy (kcal/day) | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 0.440 |
| Protein (g/day) | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 0.118 |
| Carbohydrate (g/day) | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 0.672 |
| Fat (g/day) | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 0.821 |
CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; BMI, body mass index; CRP, C-reactive protein.