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. 2024 Nov 29;6(6):fcae433. doi: 10.1093/braincomms/fcae433

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© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Guarantors of Brain.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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PCA scores across diagnostic groups. (A) Scores of quantitative measures of speech fluency. For PC 1 (‘speech quanta’), the results from a one-way ANOVA revealed significant group differences [F(1142) = 71.19, P < 0.001], driven by controls (N = 24) and patients with svPPA (N = 9) having higher scores than those with nfvPPA (N = 9), PSP (N = 10) and CBS (N = 13), controls having higher scores than those with lvPPA (N = 9) and patients with lvPPA having higher scores than those with nfvPPA. PC 2 (‘lexical richness’) resulted in no group differences [F(1142) = 1.26, P = 0.26], and for PC 3 (‘speech complexity’), significant group differences were found [F(1142) = 12.77, P < 0.001], driven by controls having higher scores than patients with nfvPPA (P < 0.001), PSP (P < 0.001) and CBS (P = 0.002). (B) Scores of quantitative measures of word properties across groups. For PC 1 (‘length’), the results from a two-way ANOVA revealed significant group differences [F(5134) = 4.29, P < 0.001], driven by svPPA and lvPPA patients producing words that were shorter, phonologically and orthographically less complex than controls (P < 0.05). For PC 2 (‘semantic richness’), significant differences were found for group [F(5134) = 16.62, P < 0.001] and task [F(1134) = 22.05, P < 0.001]. Patients with svPPA and lvPPA produced more words that were characterized as more frequent and semantically diverse than those with nfvPPA, PSP, CBS and controls (P < 0.01). For PC 3 (‘acquisition age’), significant differences were found for group [F(5134) = 7.09, P < 0.001] and task [F(1134) = 50.24, P < 0.001]. Post hoc analyses revealed that (i) nfvPPA patients produced words that were characterized as significantly earlier acquired than those with svPPA (P < 0.001), PSP (P = 0.05) and controls (P < 0.001) and (ii) CBS patients used words that were significantly earlier acquired than those with svPPA (P = 0.002) and controls (P = 0.01). Results from post hoc analyses using Tukey’s honestly significant difference test for multiple comparisons are shown as asterisks indicating level of significance: *P ≤ 0.05; **P ≤ 0.01; ***P ≤ 0.001. CBS, corticobasal syndrome; lvPPA, logopenic variant of primary progressive aphasia; nfvPPA, non-fluent variant of primary progressive aphasia; PC, principal component; PSP, progressive supranuclear palsy; svPPA, semantic variant of primary progressive aphasia.