Table 1.
Baseline characteristics the study group
| Baseline characteristics (n = 386) | Baseline data, finished 12‐month follow‐up (n = 359) | Baseline data, HTx, LVAD or death before 12 months (n = 27) | Baseline data, LVRR present at 12 months (n = 171) | Baseline data, LVRR absent at 12 months (n = 188) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 44 ± 12 | 45 ± 12 | 32 ± 9*** | 45 ± 11 | 46 ± 13 |
| Males | 277 (72%) | 257 (72%) | 20 (74%) | 116 (68%) | 141 (75%) |
| Familial DCM | 98 (25%) | 90 (25%) | 8 (30%) | 26 (15%) | 64 (34%)*** |
| Diabetes mellitus | 37 (10%) | 37 (10%) | 0 | 15 (9%) | 22 (12%) |
| Arterial hypertension | 103 (27%) | 102 (28%) | 1 (4%)** | 53 (31%) | 49 (26%) |
| Asthma bronchiale | 25 (6%) | 22 (6%) | 3 (11%) | 11 (6%) | 11 (6%) |
| History of persistent atrial fibrillation | 60 (16%) | 55 (15%) | 5 (18%) | 18 (11%) | 37 (20%)* |
| Viral prodroms | 147 (38%) | 135 (38%) | 12 (44%) | 73 (43%) | 62 (33%) |
| Decompensated HF at admission | 148 (38%) | 132 (37%) | 16 (60%)* | 71 (42%) | 61 (32%) |
| Manifestation by sustained ventricular arrhythmia | 11 (3%) | 11 (3%) | 0 | 3 (1%) | 8 (2%) |
| NYHA class | |||||
| I | 30 (8%) | 30 (9%) | 0*** | 12 (7%) | 18 (10%) |
| II | 202 (52%) | 199 (55%) | 3 (11%) | 93 (54%) | 106 (56%) |
| III | 121 (31%) | 108 (30%) | 13 (48%) | 51 (30%) | 57 (30%) |
| IV | 33 (9%) | 22 (6%) | 11 (41%) | 15 (9%) | 7 (4%) |
| ACEI or ARB | 308 (80%) | 294 (82%) | 14 (52%)** | 144 (84%) | 150 (80%) |
| ACEI/ARB ≥ 50% of recommended dose (%) | 142 (36) | 140 (39) | 2 (7)** | 62 (36) | 78 (41) |
| Beta‐blockers | 326 (85%) | 313 (87%) | 13 (48%)*** | 149 (88%) | 164 (87%) |
| Beta‐blockers ≥ 50% of recommended dose (%) | 109 (28) | 107 (30) | 2 (7)* | 56 (33) | 52 (27) |
| Aldosteron receptor blockers | 272 (81%) | 250 (70%) | 22 (81%) | 127 (75%) | 123 (66%) |
| Furosemide | 310 (80%) | 286 (80%) | 24 (89%) | 142 (83%) | 144 (77%) |
| Furosemide ≥ 40 mg/day (%) | 235 (61) | 212 (59) | 23 (85)** | 106 (62) | 106 (56) |
| Digoxin | 31 (8%) | 28 (8%) | 3 (11%) | 11 (6%) | 17 (9%) |
| Intravenous diuretics | 70 (18%) | 53 (15%) | 17 (63%)*** | 27 (16%) | 26 (14%) |
| Inotropes | 39 (10%) | 21 (6%) | 18 (67%)*** | 11 (6%) | 9 (5%) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28 ± 9 | 28 ± 9 | 26 ± 8* | 27 ± 12 | 27 ± 9 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 119 ± 18 | 120 ± 18 | 105 ± 12*** | 120 ± 18 | 120 ± 19 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 76 ± 12 | 76 ± 13 | 70 ± 10** | 78 ± 13 | 76 ± 12 |
| Heart rate (b.p.m.) | 84 ± 17 | 83 ± 17 | 97 ± 19*** | 86 ± 18 | 81 ± 16* |
| Sinus rhythm | 372 (97%) | 348 (97%) | 24 (89%) | 167 (98%) | 181 (97%) |
| QRS duration (ms) | 106 ± 27 | 107 ± 27 | 104 ± 17 | 102 ± 23 | 111 ± 30** |
| Complete LBBB | 71 (18%) | 69 (19%) | 2 (7%) | 28 (16%) | 41 (22%) |
| LVEDD (mm) | 67 ± 7 | 67 ± 7 | 71 ± 6** | 66 ± 7 | 67 ± 7 |
| LVEDD (mm/m2) | 33 ± 5 | 33 ± 5 | 38 ± 7*** | 33 ± 5 | 34 ± 5* |
| Interventricular septum (mm) | 9 ± 2 | 9 ± 2 | 8 ± 1 | 9 ± 2 | 9 ± 2 |
| Posterior wall (mm) | 9 ± 1 | 9 ± 1 | 8 ± 1 | 9 ± 1 | 9 ± 1 |
| LVEF (%) | 24 ± 8 | 25 ± 8 | 18 ± 4*** | 23 ± 7 | 26 ± 7*** |
| Restrictive mitral inflow pattern (n = 292) | 120 (41%) | 109 (39%) | 11 (85%)*** | 57 (41%) | 51 (36%) |
| E/E′ ratio (n = 319) | 13.4 ± 6.3 | 13.3 ± 6.3 | 15.6 ± 6.0 | 13.2 ± 6.4 | 13.4 ± 6.3 |
| Left atrium short axis (mm) | 46 ± 7 | 46 ± 7 | 47 ± 5 | 46 ± 7 | 46 ± 6 |
| Left atrium long axis (mm) (n = 271) | 58 ± 10 | 58 ± 10 | 63 ± 10* | 58 ± 11 | 58 ± 8 |
| LAVI (mL/m2) (n = 241) | 48 ± 17 | 47 ± 17 | 66 ± 17*** | 47 ± 16 | 47 ± 17 |
| Mitral regurgitation ≥ moderate | 113 (29%) | 94 (26%) | 19 (70%)*** | 37 (22%) | 57 (30%)** |
| RVD1 (mm) (n = 281) | 37 ± 7 | 37 ± 7 | 43 ± 7*** | 38 ± 7 | 36 ± 6* |
| Tricuspid annulus Sm (n = 328) | 10.1 ± 3.6 | 10.1 ± 3.1 | 10.1 ± 8.4 | 9.7 ± 2.6 | 10.5 ± 3.4 |
| TAPSE (mm) (n = 321) | 18 ± 4 | 18 ± 3 | 14 ± 3*** | 18 ± 4 | 19 ± 3 |
| Tricuspid regurgitation ≥ moderate (n = 356) | 41 (11%) | 36 (10%) | 5 (16)** | 14 (8%) | 22 (12%) |
| Sodium (mmol/L) | 139.0 ± 3.4 | 139.4 ± 1.1 | 135.2 ± 4.5*** | 139.4 ± 3.2 | 139.4 ± 3.1 |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 90.7 ± 22.2 | 90.4 ± 22.2 | 93.9 ± 21.3 | 90.6 ± 23.5 | 90.4 ± 21.1 |
| Estimated GFR (mL/min) | 111 ± 38 | 111 ± 38 | 111 ± 42 | 113 ± 39 | 109 ± 37 |
| BNP (ng/L) (n = 261) | 316 (123–840) | 278 (109–674) | 1362 (787–2039)*** | 277 (107–680) | 279 (113–661) |
| NT‐proBNP (ng/L) (n = 84) | 1664 (752–3232) | 1664 (752–3232) | ‐ | 1689 (753–3345) | 1386 (733–3007) |
| BNP/NT‐proBNP quartile | |||||
| 1st | 85 (25%) | 85 (26%) | 0*** | 45 (27%) | 40 (25%) |
| 2nd | 88 (25%) | 88 (27%) | 0 | 40 (25%) | 48 (30%) |
| 3rd | 86 (25%) | 79 (24%) | 7 (30%) | 42 (26%) | 37 (23%) |
| 4th (n = 345) | 86 (25%) | 70 (22%) | 16 (70%) | 36 (22%) | 34 (21%) |
| hs‐cTNT (ng/L) (n = 187) | 14.5 (5.0–30.0) | 14.8 (9.0–30.0) | 18.5 (10.0–42.5) | 14.8 (8.6–29) | 14.5 (9.3–30) |
| Troponin I (μg/L) (n = 86) | 0.03 (0.00–0.07) | 0.03 (0.00–0.06) | 0.06 (0.00–0.35) | 0.03 (0.00–0.05) | 0.03 (0.0075–0.12) |
| Troponin I > 0.03 or hs‐cTNT >13.5 ng/L (n = 243) | 116 (48%) | 109 (47%) | 7 (54%) | 61 (48%) | 48 (46%) |
The second and the third column illustrate differences between patients who finished the 12‐month follow‐up and those with the primary end‐point (heart transplantation, implantation of left ventricular assist device, or death) before 12 months. The fourth and fifth column compare baseline data of individuals with and without left ventricular reverse remodelling at 12 months.
ACEI, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB, angiotensin receptor blockers; BMI, body mass index; BNP, B‐type natriuretic peptide; BP, blood pressure; DCM, dilated cardiomyopathy; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; hs‐cTNT, high sensitivity cardiac troponin T; LBBB, left bundle branch block; LVEDD, left ventricular end‐diastolic dimension; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LAVI, left atrial volume index; NT‐proBNP, N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide; RVD1, basal right ventricular diameter; TAPSE, tricuspid annular systolic plane excursion.
*
P < 0.05.
**
P < 0.01.
***
P < 0.001.