Table 1.

Demographic characteristics of the study participants (N = 181).

	n (%) or M (s.d., min–max)
Child’s gender (female)	99 (54.7)
Child’s race/ethnicity
African American	137 (77.8)
European American	20 (11.4)
Hispanic/Latinx	12 (6.8)
Other	7 (4.0)
Maternal education status
≤High school	76 (42.0)
Average household income	2.86 (1.22, 1–5)
Maternal marital status (no)	140 (77.3)
Maternal age at birth	25.66 (6.21, 17–43)
Maternal depression
Age 9 years	35 (19.3)
Age 15 years	45 (24.9)
Pubertal scores	3.26 (0.58, 1.33–4)
Mother–child closeness
Child’s appraisal (age 9 years)	2.35 (0.69, 0.5–3)
Mother’s appraisal (age 9 years)	2.72 (0.55, 0–3)
Child’s appraisal (age 15 years)	2.10 (0.72, 0–3)
Mother’s appraisal (age 15 years)	2.53 (0.73, 0–3)