Table 2.
Results of path analyses with individual reports from mothers and children at two developmental time points (ages 9 and 15 years).
| b | β | SE | z | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Global efficiency | |||||
| Mother’s closeness report (age 15 years) | 0.026 | 0.196 | 0.010 | 2.603 | .009 |
| Pubertal score | −0.033 | −0.195 | 0.015 | −2.201 | .028 |
| Maternal age | −0.001 | −0.060 | 0.001 | −0.782 | .434 |
| Maternal marital status | −0.048 | −0.204 | 0.019 | −2.519 | .012 |
| Household income | −0.003 | −0.043 | 0.007 | −0.498 | .619 |
| Maternal education | −0.001 | −0.004 | 0.015 | −0.054 | .957 |
| Child’s gender | 0.025 | 0.125 | 0.018 | 1.371 | .170 |
| Race/ethnicity (White) | −0.036 | −0.115 | 0.024 | −1.520 | .128 |
| Race/ethnicity (Hispanic/Latinx) | −0.002 | −0.006 | 0.029 | −0.076 | .939 |
| Race/ethnicity (Other) | −0.043 | −0.085 | 0.037 | −1.145 | .252 |
| Maternal depression (9) | −0.011 | −0.049 | 0.017 | −0.652 | .514 |
| Maternal depression (15) | −0.005 | −0.020 | 0.019 | −0.250 | .803 |
| Transitivity | |||||
| Mother’s closeness report age 15 years | 0.135 | 0.186 | 0.054 | 2.491 | .013 |
| Pubertal score | −0.193 | −0.211 | 0.081 | −2.373 | .018 |
| Maternal age | −0.005 | −0.064 | 0.007 | −0.827 | .408 |
| Maternal marital status | −0.268 | −0.210 | 0.104 | −2.589 | .010 |
| Household income | −0.027 | −0.062 | 0.037 | −0.713 | .476 |
| Maternal education | 0.072 | 0.068 | 0.082 | 0.885 | .376 |
| Child’s gender | 0.211 | 0.200 | 0.097 | 2.183 | .029 |
| Race/ethnicity (White) | −0.124 | −0.075 | 0.125 | −0.986 | .324 |
| Race/ethnicity (Hispanic/Latinx) | 0.072 | 0.034 | 0.152 | 0.471 | .637 |
| Race/ethnicity (Other) | −0.144 | −0.053 | 0.199 | −0.724 | .469 |
| Maternal depression (9) | −0.095 | −0.078 | 0.093 | −1.030 | .303 |
| Maternal depression (15) | 0.034 | 0.026 | 0.102 | 0.333 | .739 |
| Modularity | |||||
| Mother’s closeness report (age 15 years) | −0.008 | −0.035 | 0.018 | −0.442 | .659 |
| Pubertal score | 0.012 | 0.043 | 0.026 | 0.462 | .644 |
| Maternal age | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.003 | .998 |
| Maternal marital status | 0.043 | 0.109 | 0.035 | 1.248 | .212 |
| Household income | 0.002 | 0.014 | 0.012 | 0.151 | .880 |
| Maternal education | 0.019 | 0.058 | 0.026 | 0.728 | .466 |
| Child’s gender | −0.025 | −0.075 | 0.031 | −0.786 | .432 |
| Race/ethnicity (White) | 0.046 | 0.089 | 0.041 | 1.121 | .262 |
| Race/ethnicity (Hispanic/Latinx) | −0.042 | −0.064 | 0.050 | −0.835 | .404 |
| Race/ethnicity (Other) | 0.134 | 0.160 | 0.065 | 2.062 | .039 |
| Maternal depression (9) | 0.037 | 0.099 | 0.030 | 1.252 | .211 |
| Maternal depression (15) | −0.030 | −0.073 | 0.033 | −0.904 | .366 |
| Global efficiency | |||||
| Child’s closeness report (age 15 years) | 0.017 | 0.147 | 0.008 | 2.022 | .043 |
| Pubertal score | −0.032 | −0.188 | 0.015 | −2.111 | .035 |
| Maternal age | −0.001 | −0.046 | 0.001 | −0.596 | .551 |
| Maternal marital status | −0.051 | −0.216 | 0.019 | −2.641 | .008 |
| Household income | −0.004 | −0.048 | 0.007 | −0.554 | .580 |
| Maternal education | −0.003 | −0.014 | 0.015 | −0.185 | .853 |
| Child’s gender | 0.027 | 0.139 | 0.018 | 1.517 | .129 |
| Race/ethnicity (White) | −0.031 | −0.099 | 0.024 | −1.299 | .194 |
| Race/ethnicity (Hispanic/Latinx) | −0.004 | −0.011 | 0.029 | −0.152 | .879 |
| Race/ethnicity (Other) | −0.039 | −0.078 | 0.037 | −1.050 | .294 |
| Maternal depression (9) | −0.019 | −0.082 | 0.017 | −1.096 | .273 |
| Maternal depression (15) | −0.004 | −0.017 | 0.020 | −0.208 | .835 |
| Transitivity | |||||
| Child’s closeness report (age 15 years) | 0.123 | 0.200 | 0.044 | 2.778 | .005 |
| Pubertal score | −0.193 | −0.211 | 0.081 | −2.383 | .017 |
| Maternal age | −0.005 | −0.057 | 0.007 | −0.746 | .456 |
| Maternal marital status | −0.288 | −0.226 | 0.103 | −2.781 | .005 |
| Household income | −0.025 | −0.059 | 0.037 | −0.683 | .495 |
| Maternal education | 0.067 | 0.063 | 0.081 | 0.824 | .410 |
| Child’s gender | 0.232 | 0.219 | 0.097 | 2.400 | .016 |
| Race/ethnicity (White) | −0.089 | −0.054 | 0.125 | −0.715 | .474 |
| Race/ethnicity (Hispanic/Latinx) | 0.065 | 0.031 | 0.151 | 0.432 | .666 |
| Race/ethnicity (Other) | −0.136 | −0.051 | 0.197 | −0.691 | .489 |
| Maternal depression (9) | −0.132 | −0.108 | 0.091 | −1.453 | .146 |
| Maternal depression (15) | 0.050 | 0.038 | 0.103 | 0.484 | .628 |
| Modularity | |||||
| Child’s closeness report (age 15 years) | −0.004 | −0.023 | 0.014 | −0.306 | .759 |
| Pubertal score | 0.012 | 0.041 | 0.026 | 0.447 | .655 |
| Maternal age | 0.000 | −0.004 | 0.002 | −0.048 | .962 |
| Maternal marital status | 0.045 | 0.112 | 0.035 | 1.284 | .199 |
| Household income | 0.002 | 0.015 | 0.012 | 0.164 | .870 |
| Maternal education | 0.020 | 0.060 | 0.026 | 0.756 | .450 |
| Child’s gender | −0.025 | −0.077 | 0.031 | −0.812 | .417 |
| Race/ethnicity (White) | 0.045 | 0.088 | 0.041 | 1.101 | .271 |
| Race/ethnicity (Hispanic/Latinx) | −0.040 | −0.062 | 0.050 | −0.803 | .422 |
| Race/ethnicity (Other) | 0.132 | 0.157 | 0.065 | 2.031 | .042 |
| Maternal depression (9) | 0.040 | 0.105 | 0.029 | 1.342 | .180 |
| Maternal depression (15) | −0.029 | −0.072 | 0.033 | −0.893 | .372 |
| Global efficiency | |||||
| Mother’s closeness report (age 9 years) | 0.011 | 0.059 | 0.015 | 0.732 | .464 |
| Pubertal score | −0.030 | −0.175 | 0.015 | −1.956 | .050 |
| Maternal age | −0.001 | −0.036 | 0.001 | −0.460 | .646 |
| Maternal marital status | −0.049 | −0.205 | 0.020 | −2.491 | .013 |
| Household income | −0.005 | −0.060 | 0.007 | −0.686 | .493 |
| Maternal education | −0.004 | −0.018 | 0.015 | −0.233 | .816 |
| Child’s gender | 0.025 | 0.127 | 0.018 | 1.370 | .171 |
| Race/ethnicity (White) | −0.036 | −0.115 | 0.024 | −1.499 | .134 |
| Race/ethnicity (Hispanic/Latinx) | −0.005 | −0.012 | 0.029 | −0.156 | .876 |
| Race/ethnicity (Other) | −0.038 | −0.077 | 0.038 | −1.016 | .309 |
| Maternal depression (9) | −0.019 | −0.084 | 0.017 | −1.108 | .268 |
| Maternal depression (15) | −0.006 | −0.025 | 0.020 | −0.304 | .761 |
| Transitivity | |||||
| Mother’s closeness report (age 9 years) | 0.082 | 0.085 | 0.076 | 1.083 | .279 |
| Pubertal score | −0.177 | −0.194 | 0.082 | −2.159 | .031 |
| Maternal age | −0.004 | −0.043 | 0.007 | −0.558 | .577 |
| Maternal marital status | −0.271 | −0.212 | 0.105 | −2.574 | .010 |
| Household income | −0.032 | −0.074 | 0.038 | −0.844 | .399 |
| Maternal education | 0.062 | 0.058 | 0.083 | 0.747 | .455 |
| Child’s gender | 0.214 | 0.202 | 0.098 | 2.184 | .029 |
| Race/ethnicity (White) | −0.124 | −0.075 | 0.127 | −0.980 | .327 |
| Race/ethnicity (Hispanic/Latinx) | 0.067 | 0.032 | 0.155 | 0.432 | .666 |
| Race/ethnicity (Other) | −0.132 | −0.049 | 0.201 | −0.657 | .511 |
| Maternal depression (9) | −0.135 | −0.111 | 0.092 | −1.461 | .144 |
| Maternal depression (15) | 0.037 | 0.028 | 0.106 | 0.351 | .726 |
| Modularity | |||||
| Mother’s closeness report (age 9 years) | −0.031 | −0.103 | 0.023 | −1.325 | .185 |
| Pubertal score | 0.012 | 0.043 | 0.026 | 0.471 | .637 |
| Maternal age | 0.000 | 0.005 | 0.002 | 0.062 | .950 |
| Maternal marital status | 0.044 | 0.110 | 0.034 | 1.266 | .205 |
| Household income | 0.001 | 0.006 | 0.012 | 0.061 | .951 |
| Maternal education | 0.016 | 0.049 | 0.026 | 0.619 | .536 |
| Child’s gender | −0.025 | −0.077 | 0.031 | −0.812 | .417 |
| Race/ethnicity (White) | 0.047 | 0.091 | 0.041 | 1.147 | .252 |
| Race/ethnicity (Hispanic/Latinx) | −0.048 | −0.075 | 0.050 | −0.966 | .334 |
| Race/ethnicity (Other) | 0.141 | 0.168 | 0.065 | 2.167 | .030 |
| Maternal depression (9) | 0.040 | 0.105 | 0.029 | 1.349 | .177 |
| Maternal depression (15) | −0.039 | −0.097 | 0.033 | −1.183 | .237 |
| Global efficiency | |||||
| Child’s closeness report (age 9 years) | 0.002 | 0.013 | 0.011 | 0.011 | .171 |
| Pubertal score | −0.030 | −0.174 | 0.015 | 0.015 | −1.931 |
| Maternal age | −0.001 | −0.032 | 0.001 | 0.001 | −.406 |
| Maternal marital status | −0.048 | −0.203 | 0.020 | 0.020 | −2.442 |
| Household income | −0.005 | −0.066 | 0.007 | 0.007 | −.753 |
| Maternal education | −0.005 | −0.024 | 0.015 | 0.015 | −.307 |
| Child’s gender | 0.025 | 0.125 | 0.018 | 0.018 | 1.343 |
| Race/ethnicity (White) | −0.035 | −0.112 | 0.024 | 0.024 | −1.450 |
| Race/ethnicity (Hispanic/Latinx) | −0.007 | −0.018 | 0.029 | 0.029 | −.243 |
| Race/ethnicity (Other) | −0.034 | −0.068 | 0.038 | 0.038 | −.897 |
| Maternal depression (9) | −0.019 | −0.085 | 0.017 | 0.017 | −1.124 |
| Maternal depression (15) | −0.010 | −0.040 | 0.020 | 0.020 | −.491 |
| Transitivity | |||||
| Child’s closeness report (age 9 years) | 0.044 | 0.057 | 0.059 | 0.745 | .456 |
| Pubertal score | −0.178 | −0.194 | 0.082 | −2.156 | .031 |
| Maternal age | −0.004 | −0.044 | 0.007 | −0.556 | .578 |
| Maternal marital status | −0.260 | −0.204 | 0.106 | −2.449 | .014 |
| Household income | −0.034 | −0.079 | 0.038 | −0.901 | .368 |
| Maternal education | 0.058 | 0.054 | 0.083 | 0.696 | .486 |
| Child’s gender | 0.208 | 0.197 | 0.098 | 2.115 | .034 |
| Race/ethnicity (White) | −0.112 | −0.068 | 0.127 | −0.880 | .379 |
| Race/ethnicity (Hispanic/Latinx) | 0.052 | 0.025 | 0.154 | 0.337 | .736 |
| Race/ethnicity (Other) | −0.088 | −0.033 | 0.202 | −0.438 | .662 |
| Maternal depression (9) | −0.140 | −0.115 | 0.093 | −1.509 | .131 |
| Maternal depression (15) | 0.012 | 0.009 | 0.103 | 0.120 | .904 |
| Modularity | |||||
| Child’s closeness report (age 9 years) | 0.005 | 0.021 | 0.019 | 0.273 | .785 |
| Pubertal score | 0.011 | 0.037 | 0.026 | 0.407 | .684 |
| Maternal age | 0.000 | −0.009 | 0.002 | −0.112 | .911 |
| Maternal marital status | 0.045 | 0.113 | 0.035 | 1.291 | .197 |
| Household income | 0.003 | 0.020 | 0.012 | 0.217 | .828 |
| Maternal education | 0.021 | 0.064 | 0.026 | 0.805 | .421 |
| Child’s gender | −0.025 | −0.077 | 0.031 | −0.810 | .418 |
| Race/ethnicity (White) | 0.046 | 0.089 | 0.041 | 1.115 | .265 |
| Race/ethnicity (Hispanic/Latinx) | −0.040 | −0.061 | 0.050 | −0.798 | .425 |
| Race/ethnicity (Other) | 0.133 | 0.158 | 0.065 | 2.030 | .042 |
| Maternal depression (9) | 0.040 | 0.105 | 0.030 | 1.341 | .180 |
| Maternal depression (15) | −0.029 | −0.070 | 0.033 | −0.875 | .381 |