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. 2024 Dec 10;15:10664. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-53062-2

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© Battelle Memorial Institute 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a Al scrap and alloying additions used in friction extrusion recycling and upcycling, from top to bottom: 6063 Al scrap, copper powder, zinc powder, and ZK60 magnesium alloy ribbons. b Recycled Al rod made only from cold-compacted 6063 Al scrap (the surface of the extruded rod was then manually polished). c Upcycled Al rod made from a mixture of 6063 Al scrap with alloying additions (the surface of the extruded rod was then manually polished). d EBSD-IPF showing the grain morphology of a recycled Al rod. e EBSD-IPF showing the grain morphology of the upcycled Al rod. f Stress-strain curves of friction-extruded samples: recycled Al rod and upcycled Al rod, compared with a commercial wrought 6063 Al alloy.