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. 2024 Sep 22;81(1):185–195. doi: 10.1002/ps.8421

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Large tube repellency and knockdown assays of VUAIs. (A–D) Unitary solutions of VUAA1C do not elicit repellency at any concentration, but (E–H) unitary solutions of VUAA1R do elicit strong repellency at concentrations of at least 50 mM in An. coluzzii female mosquitoes. Interestingly, very low concentrations of VUAA1R (1 mM) elicit moderate levels of attraction. (I–L) Binary combinations of VUAA1R:VUAA1C elicit strong, concentration‐dependent repellency. (M, N) Concentration–response curves for unitary VUAA1R and binary VUAA1R:VUAA1C on An. coluzzii, symbols are the mean ± standard error of the mean. (O–R) Behavioral responses to VUAA1R and VUAA1R:VUAA1C in Orco−/− loss‐of‐function mutant mosquitoes. This suggests that off‐target, non‐Orco‐centric (likely from aniline toxicity) contribute to repellency as well in large tube assays. Behavioral data (repellency) are displayed in black while knockdown (KD) data are displayed in red. Significance determined by one‐sample t‐tests comparing mean repellency percentage to a hypothetical mean (0) with P ≥ 0.05 indicating no significance; P < 0.05 (*), P < 0.01 (**), P < 0.001 (***), and P < 0.0001 (****) indicate significant differences.