Table 2.
Descriptives for all participants, male and female, refugee and non-refugee migrant students, and analyses of the differences between them.
| All N = 1312 |
Male migrant students N = 706 (53.8% of all) |
Female migrant students N = 606 (46.2% of all) |
Gender difference | Refugee students N = 593 (47.0% of 12621) |
Non-refugee migrant students N = 669 (53.0% of 12621) |
Difference refugee/non-refugee migrant students | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dichotome variable | N | Per cent (n) | Per cent (n) | N | Per cent (n) | Chi-Square (df) p | Odds ratio (95% CI; p) | N | Per cent (n) | N | Per cent (n) | Chi-Square (df) p | Odds ratio (95% CI; p) | |
| PTSD2 (CRIES-8 ≥ cutoff) | 1253 | 41.6 (521) | 720 | 39.5 (263) | 593 | 44.0 (258) | 2.56 (1) .110 | 0.83 (0.66 - 1.04; .110) | 559 | 50.6% (283) | 652 | 33.7% (220) | 35.330 (1) < .001 | 2.01 (1.60 - 2.54; < .001) |
| Variable | N | M (SD) | N | M (SD) / | N | M (SD) | p | Cohens d (95% CI) | N | M (SD) | N | M (SD) | p | Cohens d (95% CI) |
| Age (years) | 1312 | 15.5 (2.0) | 706 | 15.5 (1.9) | 606 | 15.5 (2.2) | .874 | −.01 (−.12,.10) | 593 | 15.9 (2.2) | 669 | 15.0 (1.8) | <.001 | .44 (.33, .55) |
| Time in reception country (years) | 1312 | 1.93 (1.80) | 706 | 1.78 (1.63) | 606 | 2.11 (1.96) | .001 | −.18 (−.29, −.07) | 593 | 2.09 (1.62) | 669 | 1.77 (1.91) | .002 | .18 (.07, .29) |
| PIS-EF3 (AEFI) | 1242 | 2.35 (0.42) | 673 | 2.36 (0.43) | 569 | 2.34 (0.40) | .342 | .05 (−.06, .17) | 556 | 2.37 (0.42) | 641 | 2.33 (0.41) | .087 | .10 (−.01, .21) |
| Posttraumatic stress symptoms (CRIES-8) | 1253 | 13.8 (10.8) | 666 | 13.3 (10.7) | 587 | 14.4 (10.9) | .060 | −.11 (−.22, .004) | 559 | 16.3 (10.2) | 652 | 11.9 (10.9) | <.001 | .42 (.31, .54) |
| Emotional symptoms (SDQ) | 1269 | 3.07 (2.34) | 681 | 2.72 (2.22) | 588 | 3.47 (2.42) | <.001 | −.32 (−.44, −.21) | 573 | 3.23 (2.36) | 650 | 2.95 (2.34) | .039 | .12 (.01, .23) |
| Conduct problems (SDQ) | 1272 | 1.72 (1.50) | 682 | 1.74 (1.56) | 590 | 1.69 (1.42) | .565 | .03 (−.08, .14) | 577 | 1.60 (1.54) | 650 | 1.79 (1.46) | .022 | −.13 (−.24, −.02) |
| Hyperactivity (SDQ) | 1265 | 2.95 (1.94) | 679 | 3.01 (1.91) | 586 | 2.88 (1.97) | .254 | .06 (−.05, .18) | 572 | 2.95 (1.98) | 648 | 2.96 (1.91) | .943 | −.004 (−.12, .11) |
| Peer problems (SDQ) | 1263 | 2.86 (1.67) | 680 | 2.91 (1.71) | 583 | 2.80 (1.62) | .228 | .07 (−.04, .18) | 571 | 2.98 (1.63) | 647 | 2.74 (1.69) | .012 | .14 (.03, .26) |
| Daily stress (DSSYR) | 1242 | 9.13 (4.07) | 656 | 9.25 (4.14) | 586 | 8.99 (3.99) | .261 | .06 (−.05, .18) | 558 | 9.72 (4.22) | 638 | 8.66 (3.92) | <.001 | .26 (.15, .38) |
| Perceived ethnic discrimination (PEDQ) | 1245 | 14.1 (6.0) | 674 | 14.3 (6.4) | 571 | 13.8 (5.4) | .143 | .08 (−.03, .20) | 558 | 13.9 (5.8) | 640 | 14.1 (6.0) | .606 | −.03 (−.14, .08) |
| Prosocial behaviour (SDQ) | 1271 | 8.24 (1.84) | 682 | 8.09 (1.97) | 589 | 8.40 (1.66) | .003 | −.17 (−.28, −.06) | 576 | 8.51 (1.68) | 649 | 8.04 (189) | <.001 | .26 (−14, .38) |
| Resilience (CYRM) | 1259 | 47.4 (7.6) | 679 | 47.1 (7.7) | 580 | 47.8 (7.4) | .155 | −.08 (−.19, −03) | 568 | 48.2 (7.6) | 645 | 46.8 (7.4) | .002 | .18 (.07, .29) |
| Support from family (MSPSS) | 1259 | 3.32 (0.75) | 676 | 3.29 (0.77) | 583 | 3.35 (0.73) | .195 | −.07 (−.18, .04) | 566 | 3.29 (0.80) | 644 | 3.33 (0.71) | .385 | −.06 (−.16, .06) |
| Support from friends (MSPSS) | 1265 | 2.91 (0.84) | 682 | 2.88 (0.82) | 583 | 2.94 (0.86) | .197 | −.07 (−.18, .04) | 573 | 2.89 (0.83) | 645 | 2.93 (0.85) | .343 | −.05 (−.17, .06) |
| School belonging (PSSM4) | 1237 | 3.82 (0.66) | 668 | 3.81 (0.66) | 569 | 3.83 (0.65) | .561 | −.03 (−.15, .08) | 550 | 3.84 (0.62) | 641 | 3.78 (0.68) | .112 | .09 (−.02, .21) |
| All | Male students | Female students | Gender difference | Refugee migrant students | Non-refugee migrant students | Difference refugees/other migrants | ||||||||
| Response on Wellbeing | N | Per cent (n) | N | Per cent (n) | N | Per cent (n) | Chi-Square (df) p | Cliff's delta (95% CI) | N | Per cent (n) | N | Per cent (n) | Chi-square (df) p | Cliff's delta (95% CI) |
| Wellbeing Very bad | 1266 | 1.1 (14) | 677 | 1.0 (7) | 589 | 1.2 (7) | .07 (1) .793 | 574 | 0.9 (5) | 643 | 1.2 (8) | .399 (1) .527 | ||
| Wellbeing Bad | 1266 | 4.0 (51) | 677 | 4.4 (30) | 589 | 3.6 (21) | .61 (1) .434 | 574 | 4.2 (24) | 643 | 3.9 (25) | .067 (1) .795 | ||
| Wellbeing Normal | 1266 | 28.4 (359) | 677 | 26.6 (180) | 589 | 30.4 (179) | 2.24 (1) .134 | 574 | 30.0 (172) | 643 | 27.4 (176) | .999 (1) .318 | ||
| Wellbeing Good | 1266 | 32.4 (410) | 677 | 33.7 (228) | 589 | 30.9 (182) | 1.11 (1) .292 | 574 | 30.5 (175) | 643 | 33.3 (214) | 1.088 (1) .297 | ||
| Wellbeing Very Good | 1266 | 34.1 (432) | 677 | 34.3 (232) | 589 | 34.0 (200) | .01 (1) .907 | 574 | 34.5 (198) | 643 | 34.2 (220) | .011 (1) .918 | ||
| Wellbeing (total) | 3.02 (4) .554 | 0.02 (-.05 to 0.08) | 1.92 (4) .750 | 0.01 (−0.05 to 0.08) | ||||||||||
Note. 1Fifty participants did not respond to their reason for migration. 2PTSD = Possible Posttraumatic stress disorder, clinical cutoff ≥ 17. 3PIS-EF = The Planning and Initiative Executive Functions subscale. 4Only nine items of the PSSM was used. For a meaningful level of accuracy, scales with values < 1 have three decimals; < 10 have two decimals; and > 10 have one decimal. Chi-Square test p-values: Asymptotic Significance. Odds ratio is computed for males compared to females, and for refugees compared to other migrants.