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. 2024 Dec 11;19(12):e0289769. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289769

Table 4. Summary of the means, standard deviations (SD), ranges, and results of Shapiro–Wilk test of δ13C and δ15N for the groups cereals, animals, and humans and their respective subgroups.

  δ13C δ15N**
  Mean ± SD SEM Range Shapiro–Wilk test Mean ± SD SEM Range Shapiro–Wilk test
  N [‰] [‰] [‰] W P [‰] [‰] [‰] W p
Cereals 14 −23.47 ± 1.50 ± 0.201 −24.87 to −21.55 0.92 0.234 6.54 ± 2.15 ± 0.287 4.70 to 8.57 0.98 0.963
T. dicoccum 10 −23.31 ± 1.48 - −24.17 to −21.55 0.88 0.118 6.70 ± 2.20 - 4.90 to 8.57 0.99 0.999
T. monococcum 4 −23.87 ± 1.41 - −24.87 to −23.29 0.88 0.349 6.13 ± 2.06 - 4.70 to 7.00 0.90 0.414
Animals 13 −20.85 ± 1.46 ± 0.202 −22.70 to −20.10 0.87 0.049* 9.26 ± 2.58 ± 0.357 7.35 to 11.10 0.92 0.267
Herbivores 7 −20.76 ± 1.81 - −22.70 to −20.10 0.74 0.009* 9.60± 2.15 - 8.40 to 11.10 0.90 0.311
Sus scrofa 1 - - −20.2 - - - - 10.3 - -
undetermined 5 −21.11 ± 0.79 - −21.73 to −20.78 0.88 0.316 8.57 ±2.94 - 7.35 to 10.99 0.86 0.225
Humans 8 −19.90 ± 0.40 ± 0.115 −20.10 to −19.70 0.89 0.242 12.20 ± 1.51 ± 0.436 11.50 to 13.00 0.99 0.780

For the categories animals and herbivores, a non-normal distribution of the δ13C values (p<0.05) is indicated by a *. SD = standard deviation. Standard error of the mean (SEM) for groups is that used in the FRUITS food web model.

** δ15N of cereals adjusted by −0.5‰ for charring.