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CRISPR–Cas expands beyond gene editing: modified Cas9 enzymes regulate genes (dCas9), edit chemical tags on DNA (epigenome editing), and visualize DNA in living cells. Engineered Cas9 nickases enable precise base editing without DNA breaks. New RNA-targeting CRISPR systems offer exciting possibilities for RNA manipulation. This versatile toolkit unlocks a new era of biological discovery. (Adapted from Adli20 under CC BY 4.0, Nature Publishers).
