Figure 4.

Potential and mechanism of action of mesenchymal stem cell treatment for COVID-19 pneumonia using MSCs, which have immunoregulatory characteristics, can help control the cytokine storm and COVID-19 lung injury. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) play an important role in a number of processes, including preventing neutrophil infiltration and transforming hyperactivated T cells into regulatory T cells (Tregs). They also promote the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), transforming growth factor beta (TGF), indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), and interleukin 10 (IL-10). Nevertheless, MSCs play a crucial function by stimulating the synthesis of growth factors by endothelial and epithelial cells, which in turn inhibits fibrosis and boosts the infusion of alveolar fluid.