Table 1.

The advancement in stem-cell therapies in various diseases.

Conditions	Stem-cell type	Models Human/Animal	Application and study design	Main outcomes	Ref.
Cell differentiation, reprogramming, and regeneration	Wharton’s jelly-MSCs (WJMSCs)	NA	Investigate the effect of nanostructures on WJMSCs that are undergoing motor neuron lineage differentiation when combined with sonic hedgehog and retinoic acid	WJMSCs are a desirable source of stem cells for producing and restoration of motor neurons	118
	iPSCs	Mice	Create modified human EVs that can initiate reprogramming-based vasculogenic therapies without relying on viral vectors or progenitor cells	Reprogramming was utilized to create induced endothelial cells (iECs) from iPSCs	119
	hUCMSCs	Rats	Developed biocompatible nanoparticles made of layered double hydroxide and optimized the elemental compositions of ions to improve the process of chondrogenic differentiation in hUCMSCs	New perspectives on treating intervertebral degeneration IDD	120
Alzheimer disease	Corpus cerebrospinal fluid produced from iPSC (CNSC-SE)	Transgenic (5×FAD) mice	Administered 5 μg/g CNSC-SE produced from iPSC throughout 12 weeks	The human iPSC-derived CNSC-SE is utilized for neurogenesis and dendritic morphogenesis	121
	Neural stem/progenitor cell (NSPC)	Rats and mice	Mice and rats treated with NSPCs	NSPC therapy may enhance cognitive performance and delay the onset of AD	122
Parkinson disease	ADMSCs	Rats	The subjects were categorized into four distinct categories: control, sham, treatment cell, and lesion. The treatment cell group injected intravenous injection of adipose-derived MSCs (ADMSCs)	ADMSs can treat Parkinson’s could enhance the density of neurons that express TH protein	123
	BM-MSCs	Mice	In vivo by utilizing a neurotoxin-induced model 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) exposure and assessed the impact of BM-MSC secretome in living organisms by comparing the effects of secretome administration through two different routes	The capacity of BM-MSCs’ secretome to inhibit dopaminergic neuronal death	124
Cardiovascular diseases,	iPSC-derived cardiomyocyte (iPSC-CM)	Animal model	The injected cell dosages ranged from 2×105 to 4×108. The duration of the follow-up period varied between 1 and 12 weeks	The iPSC-CM therapy is a secure and helpful technique to improve cardiac function in individuals with infarction	125
	hADSC	Rats	hADSCs were injected in various doses (between 2×105 to 4×108), and patients were followed up for 1-10 weeks	The hADSC is able to improve cardiac function, less ventricular remodeling, reduce fibrosis, and increase angiogenesis	126
Orthopedic conditions (knee osteoarthritis)	Autologous-ADMSC	Human	Thirty cases were categorized into three distinct categories: two categories were treated with either a single injection of ADMSCs (100×106) or two injections of ADMSCs ((100×106) at the start and 6 months later), and the 3rd category was the control	ADMSC therapy is a safe and successful treatment that may also stop disease development	127
Hematological disorders	Allogeneic stem-cell transplantation (allo-SCT)	Human	One hundred four cases were given allo-SCT	Allo-SCT showed significant implications for patients	128
	HLA haploidentical- HSCT (haploid-HSCT)	Human	One hundred three patients have severe aplastic anemia; patients received HLA-HSCs together with allogenic MSCs after a preparatory treatment regimen consisting of busulfan, fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and antithymocyte globulin	Safe and effective haplo-HSCT could help children and adolescents with severe aplastic anemia	129
Diabetes	UC-MSCs	Human	Seventy-three patients were allocated at random to either receive intravenous injections of UC-MSCs. The infusion was administered three times, with 4 weeks for each administration. Patients were monitored for 48 weeks	UC-MSCs are a useful strategy for improving the time to onset of type Ⅱ diabetes	130
Cancer	MSC-exosomes	NA	Four distinct cell lines were utilized, namely ACHN, LNCaP, 5637, and PC3, which are well-established models for prostate tumors that are sensitive to hormones that affect the kidneys and bladder. The cell lines were subjected to several doses of exosomes produced from MSCs	MSC-exosomes have anticancer effects	131
	MSCs	Mice	The M/LPV/O2 is used in both laboratory and animal studies, which is a liposomal formulation of an oxygen-loading perfluorocarbon and a sonosensitizer verteporfin coated with a membrane of MSCs	MSCs are able to be a therapeutic approach to treat oral squamous cell carcinoma	132
Autoimmune diseases	MSCs	Mice	The positive group was treated with lupus, and the negative group was normal mice, Naïve MSCs (N-MSCs), Lactobacillus strains, delbrueckii (D-MSCs) or rhamnosus (R-MSCs) were coincubated for 48 h, then intravenously injected in separate groups	Combining MSCs with Lactobacillus strains may help alleviate symptoms resembling lupus	133
	MSCs	Rat	Extracted (MSCs) from rats, then they produced gas vesicles and incubated them with MSCs to achieve intracellular labeling of the MSCs, then tested in vivo and in vitro	MSCs are an innovative threptic method for treating Rheumatoid arthritis	134
COVID-19	hUCMSCs	Human	Patients and control groups received hUCMSC therapy, a three-month follow-up study	hUCMSCs were suggested to be an initial success and relative safety for individuals suffering from COVID-19	135
	hUCMSCs	Human	The study consists of 40 patients; 20 patients were administered an intravenous infusion of UC-MSCs at a dosage of 1×106/kg body weight, diluted in a 100 ml saline solution (SS) (0.9%). Another set of 20 patients got a 100 ml SS (0.9%) as a control	Intravenous hUCMSCs are used as adjuvant therapy for individuals suffering from COVID-19	136