Table 2.

Stem-cell therapy is utilized in specific medical fields.

Disease	Therapeutic agents	Models Human/Animal	Application	Outcomes	Ref.
Injury	Bone marrow- MSCs (BMSCs)	NA	In vivo, autophagy development and HaCaT cell migration in hypoxic BMSC-derived conditioned media were assessed by assessing autophagy-related protein expression	The BMSC-based therapy can be a highly efficient treatment method for diabetic wounds	220
Aging	ADSC-containing medium (ADSC-CM)	Human	In vivo, in 25 cases with wrinkles and aging face, Moisturizers containing ADSC-CM, for three weeks, on certain facial areas, with or without 2% niacinamide	The ADSC-CM, after laser treatment, when combined with niacinamide, has antiaging effects on the skin	221
Breast cancer	hUCMSCs	Mouse	In vitro/ In vivo, the suppressive impact of hUCMSCs on CSCs was evaluated by the application of the colony formation test on soft agar and the cell proliferation assay on the Cell Counting Kit-8	The proliferation of breast cancer stem cells (CSCs) was considerably repressed by hUCMSC, which also induced tumor cell death and reduced the activity of the protein kinases PI3K and AKT	222
Lung cancer	MSCs-derived EVs	Human/mice	In vivo, 65 NSCLC tissues were taken, an NSCLC cell line was employed, and hBMSCs were implanted in 6-well plates at a density of 1×105 cells per well. The effect of miRNA-598 on tumor growth and metastasis was tested in animals	Discovered that miR-598-containing EVs produced from MSCs suppress the migration and proliferation of NSCLC cells both in vivo and in vitro via targeting Thrombospondin-2 (THBS2)	223
Osteosarcoma	MSCs		In vivo/ ex vivo, Adenoviruses expressing the osteoprotegerin OPG gene were employed to modify MSCs. These modified MSCs, referred known as MSCs-OPG, were then administered to the tail vein of mice with osteosarcoma	The administration of MSC-osteoprotegerin treatment resulted in a decrease in tumor development and a suppression of bone degradation. The MSCs can transport osteoprotegerin to tumor locations	224
Orthopedics	MSCs /PRP	Human	In vivo, 3 groups of 47 patients were randomly assigned to receive intra-articular injections: corticosteroid (n=17), autologous BM-derived MSCs (n=16), and autologous BM-derived MSCs plus PRP (n=14). The outcomes were evaluated by comparing the subjects’ baseline range of motion with the KOOS	The MSC is effective in decreasing and function improved of Knee osteoarthritis symptoms	225
Osteonecrosis	HUCMSCs	Rats	Next, HUCMSCs were given locally to the femoral heads of rats. Using histological staining, micro-CT, Luminex, and immunofluorescence staining, bone healing of the necrotic area in the femoral head was examined 4-weeks and 8 weeks following surgery to assess the therapeutic impact of HUCMSCs	HUCMSCs are able to survive and positively affect osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) patients, which could provide an option to treat those patients	157
Intervertebral hernias IVD	MSCs	Human	In this work, MSCs were extracted from disk samples that were clinically classified as H-IVD and D-IVD. With an immunophenotypic profile resembling that of MSCs, H-IVD-MSCs, and D-IVD-MSCs demonstrated multipotent mesenchymal differentiation potential while exhibiting positive for chondrogenic, osteogenic, and adipogenicity markers	The expression of osteopontin takes place in IVD-MSCs and is essential to the pathophysiological mechanism underlying human disk degeneration	226
Osteoporosis	ASCs	Mice	The radiographic and histological investigation was conducted four weeks after the in vitro implantation of the ASC-collagen I hydrogel composite into mice. *ASCs isolated from individuals with osteoporosis	Provide sufficient osteogenic activity and present novel opportunities for bone tissue engineering associated with osteoporosis cases	227
Cardiac patches	MSCs	Rats	Implantation of the MSC into the infarct area	The creation of artificial tissue using MSC and decellularized umbilical artery	228
Neurodegenerative disease	Neural stem cells (NSCs)	Mouse	NSCs were injected into mice APP/PS1 transgenic to analyze the cognitive function and to measure GFAP, Iba-1, and TLR4 activation	NSCs reduced cognitive deficits in mice and reduced inflammatory injury	229
Psoriasis	hE-MSCs	Mouse	In vivo, evaluate hEMSCs therapeutic potential in skin disease immune-mediated inflammation	The potential of hEMSCs to modulate the immune system in psoriasis	230
Vitiligo	MSCs	Human	Cocultured melanocytes with MSCs and tested the capacity of MSCs to inhibit the AKT/ PI3K/ PTEN pathway in melanocytes	MSCs could be a promising treatment for vitiligo	231
Ocular disorders	Healthy donors’ ASCs-derived MSCs	Human	Seven individuals’ lacrimal glands were injected with ASCs in one eye to test safety and objectively improve dry eye symptoms	ASCs are employed as a therapeutic alternative with anti-inflammatory properties to treat dry eye conditions	232
GVHD	MSCs	Human	Sixty-two patients divided into 53 adults and 9 children, MSC therapy was intravenously injected in 4 separate doses of 1×106 cells/kg	MSCs are a safe and effective therapeutic alternative for treating refractory GVHD	233
Blood disorders	HSCs	Mice	Investigated the potential of HSCs derived from β654-ER mice to treat β-thalassemia through repeated HSC transplantation	HSCs managed to enhance the mice’s survival rate	234
Crohn’s disease	MSCs	Human	In ex vivo, 19 patients were divided into 15 cases and 4 control, using a 22G needle, 75 million mesenchymal stem cells were injected following curettage and primary fistula tract closure on days 0 and 3	BMSCs provide a safe alternative therapy for Crohn’s disease	235
COPD	HUC-MSCs	Rat	The mice were divided into 3 groups: COPD + UC-MSCs, COPD + vehicle, and Control group. The assessment of lung function alterations following UC-MSCs therapy was conducted on a weekly basis for 6 weeks	UCMSCs could improve lung function and decrease inflammatory response	236
Infertility	hUCMSCs	Mice	Twenty rats were categorized into 10 treatment groups and 10 control groups; mice were treated with hUCMSCs; following a 4-week treatment period, the 5 mice were selected randomly to study the organ morphology and pathology, proliferation, inflammatory cytokines, and apoptosis, specifically in the fallopian tube	The anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic properties of hUCMSCs were leveraged to enhance fertility	237
	MSCs	Human	Ten cases suffered from premature ovarian failure and MSCs were injected into the ovaries using laparoscopic techniques. The endometrial fractional biopsy was subjected to histological and immunohistochemical staining and evaluation	MSCs are effective in treating premature ovarian failure	238
Diabetes Mellitus	hUCMSCs	Mouse	The mice were categorized into four groups: the normal control, the type II diabetes mellitus group, the hUCMSC treatment alone (UCMSC) group, and the hUCMSCs pretreated with melatonin (UCMSC/Mel) group	hUCMSCs helped to reduce insulin resistance and poor glycemic control	239
Dentistry	Dental pulp stem cell-derived exosomes (DPSC-EXO)	Rat	In vivo, PDLSCs were subjected to DPSC-EXO treatment in a laboratory setting. The researchers assessed the cells’ capacity for cell proliferation, metastasis, and osteogenic potential	DPSC-EXO is a potentially effective treatment for periodontitis	240
Traumatic Injuries	Human chorionic membrane -MSCs (hCM-MSCs)	Rat	Adult rats treated with hCM-MSCs to investigate the effect of hCM-MSCs on traumatic brain injury	hCM-MSCs greatly reduced neurological impairments and increased neurogenesis and angiogenesis	241