Table 3.

Multiple regression model for predicting GCSI overall score from demographic characteristics.

Regression model summary
R square	0.128
F-test (p value)	4.931 (< 0.001⁣∗∗∗)
Independent variables coefficients
Variable	Coefficient (B)	t-test (p value)
Age	−0.328	−0.665 (0.51)
Gender (reference; male)	4.747	4.629 (<0.001⁣∗∗∗)
Nationality (reference; Saudi)	4.088	1.345 (0.18)
Marital status	−0.243	−0.433 (0.67)
Education	−0.339	−0.919 (0.36)
Employment	0.561	1.336 (0.18)
Type of diabetes (reference; Type 1)	0.160	0.153 (0.88)
Duration of diabetes	0.414	1.277 (0.20)
Controlled blood glucose level (reference; yes)	2.020	2.238 (0.02⁣∗)
Taking metformin (reference; yes)	−1.646	−1.648 (0.10)
Taking other medication	0.086	0.386 (0.70)

⁣^∗Significant difference from the control group; p < 0.05.

⁣^∗∗p < 0.01.

⁣^∗∗∗p < 0.001.