Table 2.
Association between change in smoking status and the risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality.
| Outcome | Change in smoking status | Number of study participants |
Event | Person-years | Incidence rates (per 1,000 person-years) |
Unadjusted Model | Adjusted Model 1 | Adjusted Model 2 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | p-value | HR (95% CI) | p-value | HR (95% CI) | p-value | ||||||
| Cardiovascular disease | Current smokers | 6,035 | 1,003 | 45,743 | 21.9 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Recent quitters | 3,650 | 706 | 27,418 | 25.7 | 1.18 (1.07, 1.29) |
<.001 | 0.96 (0.87, 1.06) |
0.397 | 0.94 (0.85, 1.03) |
0.192 | |
| Long-term quitters | 3,645 | 649 | 27,553 | 23.6 | 1.07 (0.97, 1.19) |
0.156 | 0.85 (0.77, 0.94) |
0.002 | 0.82 (0.74, 0.90) |
<.001 | |
| Non-smokers | 18,812 | 3,487 | 145,693 | 23.9 | 1.09 (1.02, 1.17) |
0.015 | 0.87 (0.79, 0.94) |
<.001 | 0.82 (0.75, 0.90) |
<.001 | |
| Mortality | Current smokers | 6,035 | 836 | 49,895 | 16.8 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Recent quitters | 3,650 | 523 | 30,324 | 17.2 | 1.02 (0.91, 1.14) |
0.745 | 0.67 (0.60, 0.75) |
<.001 | 0.67 (0.60, 0.75) |
<.001 | |
| Long-term quitters | 3,645 | 478 | 30,276 | 15.8 | 0.96 (0.86, 1.07) |
0.467 | 0.62 (0.55, 0.69) |
<.001 | 0.62 (0.56, 0.70) |
<.001 | |
| Non-smokers | 18,812 | 1,886 | 160,562 | 11.7 | 0.67 (0.62, 0.73) |
<.001 | 0.55 (0.50, 0.61) |
<.001 | 0.55 (0.50, 0.61) |
<.001 | |
Model 1: adjusted for sex, and age; Model 2: adjusted for sex, age, baseline body mass index, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, household income, alcohol consumption, physical activity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and cancer.
CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio.