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. 2024 Dec 11;636(8042):337–341. doi: 10.1038/s41586-024-08209-y

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Extended Data Fig. 4 — Calculated photoelectron spectra for resonant driving (pulse duration: 52.6 fs, GDD = 0 fs²) for three different peak intensities (as labelled). Blue: full TDSE-SAE model including all relevant He states. Red: suppressing two-photon ionization pathways via near-resonant states except for the 1s2p state. The latter case eliminates interference of multiple photoionization paths. The strong similarity between both photoelectron spectra confirms that photoionization paths via states energetically close to the 1s2p state play a negligible role. In particular, both spectra exhibit a clear asymmetry between the upper/lower AT states for a range of FEL intensities.