Table 4.
Characteristics of patients in the training and validation cohorts.
| Training cohort (n=177) |
Validation cohort (n=89) |
P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years (mean, ± SD) | 56.23 ± 16.02 | 55.22 ± 15.77 | 0.629 |
| Gender, n (%) | |||
| Female | 79 | 41 | |
| Male | 98 | 48 | 0.896 |
| Duration of surgery (mean, ± SD) | 194.22 ± 84.51 | 195.29 ± 75.73 | 0.92 |
| Type of surgery | |||
| Emergency operation | 50 | 23 | |
| Selective operation | 127 | 66 | 0.678 |
| Grade of surgery | |||
| III | 100 | 43 | |
| IV | 77 | 46 | 0.207 |
| Secondary surgery | |||
| Yes | 18 | 15 | |
| No | 159 | 74 | 0.119 |
| Categories of gastrointestinal fistula | |||
| colon fistula | 41 | 25 | |
| enteric fistula | 86 | 38 | |
| colon-enteric fistula | 9 | 10 | |
| gastric fistula | 3 | 5 | |
| duodenal fistula | 13 | 6 | |
| others | 25 | 14 | 0.247 |
| With malignant tumors | |||
| Yes | 89 | 47 | |
| No | 88 | 42 | 0.697 |
| With hypertension | |||
| Yes | 23 | 8 | |
| No | 154 | 81 | 0.337 |
| With diabetes | |||
| Yes | 13 | 10 | |
| No | 164 | 79 | 0.287 |
| Clinical outcome | |||
| Survival | 145 | 76 | |
| Death | 32 | 13 | 0.476 |
| ICU stays (mean, ± SD) | 6.19 ± 9.72 | 4.81 ± 5.70 | 0.219 |
| Hospital stays (mean, ± SD) | 50.42 ± 30.67 | 53.42 ± 42.87 | 0.514 |
| Preoperative WBC (×109/L) | 7.83 ± 5.50 | 8.16 ± 4.89 | 0.163 |
| Preoperative N (×109/L) | 6.01 ± 5.25 | 6.42 ± 4.88 | 0.104 |
| Preoperative L (×109/L) | 1.61 ± 6.48 | 1.09 ± 0.61 | 0.653 |
| Preoperative Hb (g/L) | 101.85 ± 22.91 | 106.42 ± 21.93 | 0.130 |
| Preoperative PLT (×109/L) | 211.50 ± 108.22 | 219.54 ± 93.79 | 0.421 |
| Preoperative ALB (g/L) | 34.25 ± 6.10 | 34.87 ± 5.94 | 0.413 |
| Preoperative CRP (mg/L) | 68.82 ± 85.08 | 60.44 ± 85.52 | 0.303 |
| Preoperative TBIL (umol/L) | 19.34 ± 21.64 | 19.27 ± 24.18 | 0.448 |
| Preoperative ALT (U/L) | 34.69 ± 35.55 | 35.83 ± 33.25 | 0.894 |
| Preoperative Cr (umol/L) | 75.24 ± 63.27 | 63.06 ± 36.39 | 0.183 |
| Preoperative PCT (ng/L) | 8.06 ± 28.27 | 2.12 ± 6.50 | 0.415 |
| Preoperative D-dimer (mg/L) | 2.92 ± 3.91 | 2.83 ± 5.53 | 0.574 |
| Postoperative WBC (×109/L) | 11.10 ± 6.98 | 10.20 ± 5.68 | 0.581 |
| Postoperative N (×109/L) | 10.25 ± 10.55 | 8.56 ± 5.42 | 0.649 |
| Postoperative L (×109/L) | 1.02 ± 0.91 | 0.97 ± 0.61 | 0.797 |
| Postoperative Hb (g/L) | 93.45 ± 17.55 | 93.37 ± 16.67 | 0.071 |
| Postoperative PLT (×109/L) | 213.38 ± 121.52 | 222.62 ± 113.49 | 0.601 |
| Postoperative ALB (g/L) | 33.07 ± 5.90 | 33.74 ± 5.89 | 0.288 |
| Postoperative CRP (mg/L) | 102.25 ± 99.67 | 89.61 ± 91.26 | 0.237 |
| Postoperative TBIL (umol/L) | 30.87 ± 41.99 | 25.36 ± 28.11 | 0.331 |
| Postoperative ALT (U/L) | 55.23 ± 137.38 | 38.34 ± 39.42 | 0.702 |
| Postoperative Cr (umol/L) | 75.73 ± 65.53 | 55.90 ± 32.09 | 0.003 |
| Postoperative PCT (ng/L) | 5.39 ± 13.42 | 1.36 ± 4.05 | 0.005 |
| Postoperative D-dimer (mg/L) | 4.25 ± 4.29 | 3.60 ± 3.39 | 0.846 |
The colored values indicate P-values less than 0.05, highlighting statistically significant results.